Bipolar Affective Disorder can be traced back throughout history. The early history of mental disorders, including bipolar disorder was shrouded by a cloud of fear, ignorance and misunderstanding.
Both melancholy, the older term used for depression and mania have their origin in Ancient Greek. Melancholy emerges from the Greek words 'melas' symbolizing black and 'chole' meaning bile as Hippocrates, the Father of Medicine himself thought that depression emerged from a surplus of black bile. Mania is derived from 'menos' for life-force and 'mainesthai' - the term used to describe rage and madness.
Aretaeus of Cappadocia, an illustrated Greek Physician during the early century, examined and scrutinized the relationship between mania and melancholia in the evolution of bipolar disorder. In his work, 'On Aetiology and Symptomatology of Chronic Illnesses', he indicated that both patterns of mood are a consequence of a similar disorder. This connection, however failed to gain notice until much later.
In 1621, an English clergyman and scholar by the name of Robert Burton published a book - The Anatomy of Melancholy containing a review of depression, its causes, symptoms and cures. Building on the views of Hippocrates, Burton believed melancholia was caused by an excess of black bile, among other theories. He also listed poor diet, fear, supernatural causes, old age and temperament as probable causes. The point to take away from Burton's work is that melancholia was described as a mental illness in its own right.
Théophile Bonet, a Swiss physician in 1686 became one of the first to connect mania and depression as 'manico-melancolicus'.
In the 1800's Falret and Baillarger, two prominent French physicians studied and described symptoms an...
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...ls with loss and separation of the primary object in its life - the mother, even if only temporarily. The feelings of sadness and depression remain and the child learns to tolerate these feelings or copes through manic defences. Klein saw the depressive position as the primary point of manic-depressive states and introduced the alliance between the depressive position and manic depressive states.
In the 1970's Brumback, Weinberg et al. derived and adapted adult criteria to juvenile cases in order to diagnose mania and depression in children, which provided a basis of criteria for bipolar disorder to be published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III in 1980.
Since the 1980's however, it has been professed that adult criteria can be used to diagnose children, giving allowances for age differences and developmental stage of the child.
American researchers and clinicians often overlook culturally distinct symptoms because Americans classify depression in terms that might contradict the standards of other cultures. Kitanaka introduced two ideas: Endogenous Depression and typus melancholicus. Endogenous depression is a “crippling type of psychosis believed to be caused by a genetic abnormality” (Watters 520). It was compared to an internal ticking time bomb that would go off let depression run its course. Introduced by Hubert Tellenbach, Typus melancholicus was a personality type that fit the behavior of Japanese individuals.
Bipolar does not have a specific cause it is a complex disorder with multiple contributing factors one is genetic. Sometimes bipolar tends to run in peoples families. Another factor is biological.
Madness: A History, a film by the Films Media Group, is the final installment of a five part series, Kill or Cure: A History of Medical Treatment. It presents a history of the medical science community and it’s relationship with those who suffer from mental illness. The program uses original manuscripts, photos, testimonials, and video footage from medical archives, detailing the historical progression of doctors and scientists’ understanding and treatment of mental illness. The film compares and contrasts the techniques utilized today, with the methods of the past. The film offers an often grim and disturbing recounting of the road we’ve taken from madness to illness.
-Healy David. Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder. The John Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. 2008. Print
Bipolar Disorder (Formerly known as Manic Depression) is a mental illness linked to alterations in moods such as mood swings, mania, and depression. There is more than one type, Bipolar I and Bipolar II, and the subcategories are divided by the severity of the symptoms seen, such as cyclothymic disorder, seasonal mood changes, rapid cycling disorder and psychosis. Age of onset usually occurs between 15-30 years old with an average onset of 25 years old but it can affect all ages. (Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital , 2013) Bipolar disorder affects more than two million people in the United States every year. (Gardner, 2011)
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Urosevic, S., Bender, R. E., & Wagner, C. A. (2009). Longitudinal Predictors of Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: A Behavioral Approach System Perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 16(2), 206-226. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01160.x
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder characterized by periods of mania, depression, or a mixed manic-depressive state. The condition can seriously affect a person’s reasoning, understanding, awareness, and behavior. Acco...
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is a psychopathology that affects approximately 1% of the population. (1) Unlike unipolar disorder, also known as major affective disorder or depression, bipolar disorder is characterized by vacillating between periods of elation (either mania or hypomania) and depression. (1, 2) Bipolar disorder is also not an illness that remedies itself over time; people affected with manic depression are manic-depressives for their entire lives. (2, 3) For this reason, researchers have been struggling to, first, more quickly diagnose the onset of bipolar disorder in a patient and, second, to more effectively treat it. (4) As more and more studies have been performed on this disease, the peculiar occurrence between extreme creativity and manic depression have been uncovered, leaving scientists to deal with yet another puzzling aspect of the psychopathology. (5)
The severe mood fluctuations of bipolar or manic-depressive disorders have been around since the 16-century and affect little more than 2% of the population in both sexes, all races, and all parts of the world (Harmon 3). Researchers think that the cause is genetic, but it is still unknown. The one fact of which we are painfully aware of is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational success. Because the symptoms of bipolar disorder are so debilitation, it is crucial that we search for possible treatments and cures.
rarely were people treated, or even diagnosed for manic depression. It was not until the
Bipolar disorder is phychatric disorder in which there are periods of sadness and happiness. Some factors that can lead to bipolar are genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain function and structure. Things that can trigger your bipolar are medicines, the change of seasons, lack of sleep, abuse of substances, and stress.
This paper will discuss bipolar disease and is also called manic-depressive illness. It will discuss the causes and prevalence of bipolar disease. It will also discuss the signs of symptoms of the disease. The diagnosis and treatment of bipolar will be discussed. Several studies are included in this paper.
Schmied, L. A., Steinberg, H., & Sykes, E. A. B. (2006). Psychopharmacology's debt to experimental psychology. History of Psychology, 9, 144-157.
Paris, J. (2004), Psychiatric diagnosis and the bipolar spectrum, in Canadian Psychiatric Association Bulletin, viewed on 28 March 2014, http://ww1.cpa-apc.org:8080/publications/bulletin/currentjune/editorialEn.asp.
Burton, Neel. "The Anatomy of Melancholy: Can Depression Be Good for You?" Lecture. TEDx. Narodni Dom, Maribor. 12 Nov. 2013. Youtube. 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2013.