Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a large array of disorders described as abdominal discomfort and pain with changes in bowel. IBS is known for cramping, abdominal pain, bloating gas, diarrhea and constipation. The colon’s many nerves connect it to the brain and are partly controlled by the ANS, which reacts to stress similar to the heart. The ascending pathways dealing with pain consist of three different tracts: the neospinothalamic, the paleospinothalamic, and the archispinothalamic tracts. The dorsal root ganglion is where the first-order neurons are located in all three tracts. Each tract starts in different spinal regions and terminates in a different area in the brain. The neospinothalamic tract is a lateral spinothalamic tract and synapses very little. Each nociceptive neuron has a single axon that divides into two, sending one end to innervate with tissue and the other into the dorsal horn. The A-delta fibres (carrying fast pain and provides information of the exact location of the stimulus) and C-fibres (carrying slow pain) terminate on the dorsal horn. The A-delta fibers terminate and excite the 2nd order neurons. The long fibres discuss immediately through the anterior commissure and off to the brain. Most of the pain fibers below the neck terminate in the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus and ventroposteroinferior (VPI) nucleus of the thalamus, which is a relay station that sends the signals to the primary somatosensory cortex. The A delta fibers terminate in the ventroposteromedial (VPM) thalamus and are somatotopical. Visceral organ’s nociceptors respond to stimulations such as pressure, tissue damage, and chemical (gastrointestinal lesions and/or tumors). Free nerve endings are scattered an... ... middle of paper ... ... Elsevier. https://www.inkling.com/read/guyton-hall-textbook-of-medical-physiology-12th/chapter-48/dual-pathways-for-transmission Kolodziejak. (February 2008) DRUG TREATMENT FOR IBS. http://www.rxfiles.ca/rxfiles/uploads/documents/GI-IBSyndrome.pdf Purves, Augustine, Fitzpatrick, and associates. (2001). Neuroscience 2nd Edition. Sunderland. MA. Sinauer Associates. Chapter10 Swenson. (2006). Dartmouth Medical School. Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience. Chapter http://www.dartmouth.edu/~rswenson/NeuroSci/chapter_7A.html Wasner, Lee, Engel, McLachlan. Brain. (2008). Residual spinothalamic tract pathways predict development of central pain after spinal cord injury. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/131/9/2387.full.pdf. 131,2387^240 WedMD. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Diarrhea. http://www.webmd.com/ibs/treating-diarrhea?page=2 (2005-2014)
It has been shown that intrathecal administriton of GABA receptor antagonists cause hyperalgesia and allodynia. Constitutive, the increase in the endogenous GABA activity in the spinal cord alleviate pain resulting from noxious and innoxious mechanical and thermal stimuli. Different GABA receptors have different roles in alleviating thermal and mechanical pain in different animal pain models. There is no study to date that has examined the involvement of GABA A and GABA B in sensory dimension of neuropathic pain resulting from compression of spinal cord. The current study tests the hypothesis that GABA A or GABA B receptors contributes to the allodynia and hyperalgesia observed after spinal cord injury. The results showed that the effect of GABA A and GABA B receptors on mechanical hyperalgesia is similar but these receptors have different effects on thermal hyperalgesia. While using baclofen as GABA B receptor agonist does not affect the thermal pain, thermal hyperalgesia resulting from spinal cord injury was greatly alleviated by different doses of GABA A agonist, muscimol. Both Baclofen and muscimol are able to reduce the mechanical and cold allodynia has been seen after spinal cord injury but the effect of baclofen is dose dependent with no effect in higher doses used in this study. While almost all doses of muscimol were used in this study reduce the amount of cold and mechanical allodynia. The other result obtained in this study is the short term effect of GABA agonist. The anitinociceptive effect of Baclofen and muscimol appear to be maxium at 15 min after injection and gradually diminished by time and their analgesic effect disappeared 3 hours after injection.
The most common and well described pain transmission is “gate control theory of pain”. This theory was first proposed by Melzack and Wall in 1965 whereby they used the analogy of gate to explain the inhibition of pain which exists within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. For instance, when tissue damage occurs, substances such as prostaglandin, serotonin, histamine and bradykinin are released from the injured cell. Individual usually consume or apply pain medications such as NSAIDs whereby these medications will cause electrical nerve impulse at the end of the sensory nerve fiber via nociceptor. Nociceptor is a pain receptor that is commonly found in the skin, cornea of eye and organ of motion such as muscles and ligaments. These nerve impulses
Have you ever wondered why when you stub your toe on the chair in the living room, it helps tremendously to yell out an expletive or two and vigorously rub the area? I may not be able to discuss the basis for such language in this paper, but we will explore the analgesic response to rubbing that toe, in addition to the mechanism of pain and alternative treatments such as acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional GI disorder (FGID) characterized by abdominal pain in association with altered bowel habits in the absence of any identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. It is a very common disorder that can have a profound negative impact on a patient’s quality of life and constitutes a considerable social and economic burden on society. Extensive research over the last few decades has led to a better understanding of this complex syndrome and improvements in treatment. After a brief review of the clinical manifestations and diagnosis of IBS, the current understanding of the complex physiological mechanisms contributing to the syndrome will be addressed. The remainder of this paper will focus on a number of important topics at the interface of IBS and psychiatry, including psychiatric comorbidity in IBS, the complex role of psychosocial stressors in the onset and perpetuation of symptoms in IBS, and various considerations in the management of IBS from the perspective of psychiatry.
Dendrites are located on either one or both ends of a cell.The peripheral nervous system then takes the sensory information from the outside and sends the messages by virtue of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that relay signals through the neural pathways of the spinal cord. The neurotransmitter chemicals are held by tiny membranous sacs located in the synaptic terminals. Synaptic terminals are located at the ends of nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitters from their sacs is stimulated once the electrical nerve impulse has finished travelling along a neuron and reaches the synaptic terminal. Afterward, neurotransmitters travel across synapses thus stimulating the production of an electrical charge that carries the nerve impulse onward. Synapses are junctions between neighboring neurons. This procedure is reiterated until either muscle movement occurs or the brain picks up on a sensory reaction. During this process, messages are being transmitted from one part of the body onto the next. The peripheral and central nervous system are two crucial subdivisions of the nervous system. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous
warm) in the left upper and lower extremities; decreased strength and movement of the right upper and lower extremities and of the left abdominal muscles; lack of triceps and biceps reflexes in the right upper extremity; atypical response of patellar, Achilles (hyper) reflexes in the right lower extremity; abnormal cremasteric reflex in the right groin; fracture in cervical vertebrae #7; and significant swelling in the C7-T12 region of the spinal canal (Signs and symptoms, n.d.). The objective complaint of a severe headache could also be consistent with a spinal cord injury (Headache, nausea, and vomiting,
Circumcision, the removal of the foreskin over the penis, was long thought to be a painless experience for an infant and was treated accordingly with little or no anesthesia. Most of the times during the surgical procedure, the babies cry very forcefully. This was for a long time thought to be normal and healthy. Other times, they lie still without making a sound from either shock or the act of passing out from the pain (1). This unresponsiveness was always thought to be from undeveloped pain receptors, or Nociceptors in the Somatosensory system (2) . These pain receptors send information to the spinal cord, then to the brain stem, thalamus, and somatosensory cortex. Modulation can occur through these pathways by way of suppression using large mechanosensitive fibers that enter the spinal cord or by endorphine release. This modulation involves changing the information about the pain to lessen the perception of its magnitude.
The spinal cord is a major channel in the body where motor and sensory information travels from the brain to the body. It has white matter that surrounds a central gray matter. The gray matter is where most of the neuronal cells are located. Injury to the spinal cord will affect the conduction of information across any part of the spinal cord where the damage is located (Maynard et al., 1997). This will often result in permanent disability of a certain muscle or region of the body (Meletis et al., 2008) and a loss of tissue where the damage is located (Peng et al., 2009). As of now, there is no treatment for spinal cord injury expect for steroids. All steroids can do is provide protect of the spinal cord from secondary injury for specific patients (Peng et al., 2009).
Peripheral and central mechanisms involving nerve lesions and their input are substantial when perceiving phantom pain. Due to the impairment of peripheral nerves in the process of amputation, regenerative sprouting of damaged axons occurs and the activity rate of inflamed C-fibres and demyelinated A-fibres spontaneously increases (Flor, 2002). As a consequence of this nerve injury, a neuroma, which is a mass of pruned and tangled axons, may form in the residual limb producing abnormal (ectopic) activity (Katz, 1992). Flor, Nikolajsen and Jenson (2006) proposed that ectopic discharge from a neuroma in the stump illustrates abnormal afferent input to the spinal cord, which is a possible mechanism for unpro...
stimuli, according to Brannstroms Hydrodynamic Theory. Anatomically, the areas of the tubules closer to the pulp activates the nerves associated with the odontoblasts at the end of the tubule, resulting in pain response.
college of obstetricans in 2010, they state that the cortex is needed in order to feel pain. Another
Inflammatory bowel disease is a life long disease, and it particularly targets the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), which consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach small intestine, large intestine (appendix, cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), and rectum), and anus. The gastrointestinal tract is very important to the human body; some of its functions include mechanical and chemical digestion of food, the movement of food and waste from mouth to anus, secretion of enzymes and mucus, and the absorption of nutrients. These are some reason why it’s so destructive when this part of the body becomes impaired or even damaged.
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord serves as the collection section of the nerve impulses. With damage to the peripheral nervous system the central nervous wouldn’t be able to interpret the stimuli’s because they wouldn’t be able to receive them. This system is considered to be ...
Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.