Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
Quizlet diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus notes
Diabetes mellitus short note
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Quizlet diabetes mellitus
Mr. Brown is a 45 year old male who has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), peripheral arterial disease,(PAD), and hypertension (HTN). Mr. Brown requires immediate intra venous therapy of normal saline to re-hydrate and correct his electrolyte imbalance. Mr. Brown was admitted to the ward following a revascularization procedure on his anterior lower right leg, and has a history of Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS) which is a combination of hyperosmolality of extracellular fluid, resulting in dehydration of intracellular fluid, combined with hyperglycaemia, which is defined by a blood glucose level (BGL) over 11mmol/L (Berman, 2012). Andrew (2004, p57.) states that dehydration is a main contributing factor that leads to HHNS which is recognized as a serious endocrine emergency. Mr. Brown’s current blood glucose level (BGL) of 21mmol/L, and his reporting of feeling weak and nauseated, vomiting for two days, and thirsty are signs of dehydration, which means John is at risk of suffering from HHNS.
Mr. Brown is observed to have dry mouth, warm and dry skin, with increased turgor, and a decreased level of consciousness which signify dehydration. If Mr. Brown’s dehydration is not addressed promptly his BGL will continue to escalate, he could experience seizures, coma and eventually death, which are body reactions to high levels of glucose, and are symptoms of late stage HHNS Katsilambros (2011, p.62).
The combination of suffering from T2DM and being dehydrated, has devastating effects on the microvasculature, which can cause potential retinopathy, nephropathy and forms of neuropathy (Andrew 2004). This can lead to coronary artery disease (CAD), Renal Disease and worsen his current PAD which ...
... middle of paper ...
...//www.eblib.com
Thompson h.j. & Kagan s.h. (2011) Clinical management of fever by nurses: doing what works. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(2), 359–370. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05506.x
Tollefson, Joanne. (2012). 5th edition. Clinical Psychomotor Skills: Assessment skills for nurses. Cengage Learning, Australia.
Wolf, Gunter (2012). Diabetes and Kidney Disease. Wiley and Sons, Holdenbrook NJ. Retrieved from http://www.eblib.com. EISBN: 9781118494103
Ziyadeh, Fuad. Hoffman,Brenda. Cheol Han, Dong. Iglesias-de la Cruz, Carmen. Soon Won Hong. Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-β antibody in db/db diabetic mice. PNAS 2000 97 (14) 8015-8020; published ahead of print June 20, 2000, doi:10.1073/pnas.120055097
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
Frequent urination results from the body trying to excrete the excess glucose and thirst follows as dehydration sets in. Hunger, fatigue, mental fogginess, irritability, and mood changes result from a deficiency in ATP as the body cannot produce enough purely through fat metabolism via ketones. Acetone breath quickly follows as the body starts to upregulate fat metabolism in an attempt to use ketones for ATP production. This metabolic pathway creates various ketones, but one ketone acetone, is toxic and is excreted via the lungs. It can be detected as a “fruity” odor in the breath. This upregulation of fat metabolism creates a crisis known as diabetic ketoacidosis which can lead to a coma or even death (Harvey, 2012). Another life threatening acute symptom which is not as common in type 1 as type 2 diabetes is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketonic syndrome or HHNS which can result in serious consequences such as a coma or even death. It is caused by increasing blood sugar and dehydration without the presence of ketones (Harvey, 2012). It can be caused by severe infection, severe illness, and medications that reduce glucose tolerance and increase fluid loss (Harvey, 2012). The various acute symptoms of type 1 diabetes are just as deadly as the long term effects of poor blood sugar
Mrs. Jones was admitted to the hospital for evaluation due to hyperglycemia related to diabetes. Her blood sugar was 350 and her physical exam revealed dry skin and mucous membranes.
Hyponatremia treatment that occurs too rapidly is associated with the formation of demyelinating lesions in the pons known as CPM. These lesions lead to permanent neurological damage (Gheorghita et. al 2010). Physicians and patients should not fail to treat severe hyponatremia in an effort to avoid CPM development. Failure to treat hyponatremia may lead to severe brain damage, coma, or even death (Schuster et. al 2009 and Gheorghita et. al 2010). Symptoms of CPM have been seen to improve with time which plays the most critical role. Even treating hyponatremia with a hypertonic saline solution still raises the most important risk of developing CPM but a good neurological outcome has been seen in several cases when enough time and one of the above therapies are done.
Jost, Kenneth. “Diabetes Epidemic: why is this serious disease on the increase?” The CQ Researcher (March 9, 2001): 185-200
A study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that “annually approximately 1.7 million hospitalized patients acquire infections while being treated for other medical conditions, and more than 98,000 of these patients will die as a result of their acquired infection” (Cimiotti et al., 2012, p. 486). It was suggested that nursing burnout has been linked to suboptimal patient care and patient dissatisfaction. Also, the study shows that if the percentage of nurses with high burnout could be reduced to 10% from an average of 30%, approximately five thousand infections would be prevented (Cimiotti et al., 2012). In summary, increasing nursing staffing and reduction burnout in RNs is a promising strategy to help control urinary and surgical infections in acute care facilities (Cimiotti et al.,
Millions of people throughout the United States are affected by diabetes. It is considered to be one of the leading causes of death. But what exactly is it? What are the symptoms and how do we prevent it? The goal of this essay is for you to understand the answers to these questions, and be able to apply your newly gained knowledge to your own life, hopefully decreasing your risk of developing diabetes.
Complications related to diabetes and nephropathy are said to account for 50% of new cases of end stage renal disease (...
Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/diabetic/diabetic.htm.
Diabetes is a significant and fast growing health concern in the United States. About 16 million Americans have diabetes – and that number increases every day. Every day there is someone who suffers from a diabetic emergency. What is a diabetic emergency? Well, first we must understand what diabetes is. Diabetes is a disease that affects how your body uses blood glucose (or commonly known as blood sugar) your body isn’t able to take the sugar from your bloodstream and carry it to your body cells where it can be used for energy. There are two types of diabetes; Type I (insulin dependent) and Type II (non-insulin dependent). Both types can cause a diabetic emergency. Both types require medical intervention/treatment.
To be deemed competent in skills according to nursing regulations and requirements. This is a challenging factor for many students, as they enter the transition period. This is due to students feeling they do not have the desired clinical competency that promotes the skills and abilities of a registered nurse (Harsin, Soroor & Soodabeh, 2012). Clinical research studies have found that students do have the required expected levels of knowledge, attitude and behaviour’s. However, the range of practical skills aren’t sufficient for the range of practice settings (Evans, 2008).
The patient has been experiencing fever for the past 3 months but takes medication, which reduces the fever.
Nazarko, L. (2009). Causes and consequences of diabetes. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 3(11), 534-538. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
Ability is the capacity to act effectively. It requires listening, integrity, knowledge of one’s strengths and weaknesses, positive self-regard, emotional intelligence, and openness to feedback. Competencies are not tasks, but are behavioral actions that require the nurse to utilize a depth and breadth, knowledge, skill and judgment that allow them to safely practice and competently adapt to changes in the health care environment. Nursing competence is defined as the ability of a nurse to effectively demonstrate a set of attributes, such as personal characteristics, values, attitudes, knowledge, and skills, which the nurse requires to fulfill his/her professional responsibility (Takase & Teraoka
Chronic Kidney Disease. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014. Web. 20 May 2014.