Background: Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) is a soft tissue and bony sarcoma regarded as the most common soft tissue sarcoma of adulthood (3, Fletcher et. al). MFH was first discovered by Kauffman and Stout in 1961 (1). Originally it was described by Kauffman and Stout as a tumor with a high concentration of histiocytes and a storiform growth pattern (1). It is now the subject of debate as to what the cell of origin makes up MFH and is most recently thought of as the last stage of tumor un-differentiation. Due to discrepancies and disagreements about the classification and origin of Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma, the World Health Organization has renamed it Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma not otherwise specified (2). Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is broken down in to roughly 4 subtypes according to Weiss et. al.. (4). These subtypes include: Storiformpleomorphic, Myxoid (myxoidfibrosarcoma), Giant cell (Malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts), and Inflammatory (xanthosarcoma, malignant xanthogranuloma). Weiss also indicated that 70% of these lesions are of the storiformpleomorphic type, making it the most common subtype. Demographics and Etiology: According to Weiss et al (4) Malignant fibrous histiocytoma occurs predominantly later in life at an average age occurring between 50 and 70 years. Weiss also stated that roughly two thirds of the diagnosed cases have occurred in men, showing a slight male predilection (4) The majority of cases have shown to appear as a mass associated with the lower extremity and thigh however other locations have been found such as the upper extremity, head and neck, and retroperitoneum (5). Clark et. al suggested that three to ten percent of the cases of MFH occur in the head ... ... middle of paper ... ...cent of individuals. Along with survival rate and metastatic/recurrence sites, Pezzi et al determined that there were two main prognostic factors that determined successful treatment outcomes for MFH. These two main factors were tumor size and tumor grade. They concluded that tumors less than 5cm, between 5-10cm, and larger than 10cm had 5-year survival rates of 82%, 68%, and 51% respectively. Along with size Pezzi et. al. determined that the 5-year survival rate for intermediate-grade tumors was 80% whereas high-grade tumors presented a 5-year survival rate of 60%. Due to these findings it is important for a clinician to take into account both the size of the tumor and the grading when determining the proper treatment protocols for a patient. More aggressive treatment modalities may be considered for patients with larger tumors and less-favorable grading.
The hyperplasia foci can be seen as early as 2 months, as depicted by the histological picture. The number of cells with hyperplasia is then
The current standard of therapy is resection of the tumor plus radiotherapy and TMZ (E5). Multiple studies performed between 1976 and 1991 have led postoperative radiotherapy to be accepted as standard treatment (L12). The universal dosing schedule for radiotherapy in GBM is fractionated irradiation over 6-7 weeks for a total of 60 gray (Gy) (G7,M13). TMZ is an oral alkylating agent that can be used concomitant with radiotherapy and as an adjuvant. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) organized a study showing that adding TMZ to standard radiotherapy is beneficial to overall survival. This study enrolled 573 patients from 85 institutions and randomly assigned eligible patients to receive either standard radiotherapy alone or radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant TMZ. There was a 37% decrease in relative risk of death and a median increase in survival of 2.5 months in patients treated with TMZ and radiotherapy when compared to radiotherapy alone (P<0.001). There are adverse effects with both RT and chemotherapy, but hematologic toxicities are more likely to occur in patients treated with both TMZ and RT (M13). This study maintained its validity after accounting for recursive partitioning analysis classifications (L12). The current standard dose of TMZ is 75 mg per square meter of body surface area daily during radiotherapy and then a dose of 150-200 mg per square meter of body surface area for 5 days of each 28-day cycle following RT (G7,M13).
Non-malignant meningioma was most frequently reported as it accounts for more than a third of all tumors. Glioblastoma was the second most frequent type to be reported followed by tumors of the pituitary.
Osteosarcoma is a malignant cancer of the bone. This tends to be in the extremities of the human body. It tends to occur in the shin, thigh, and upper arm, usually large bones with very fast growth rates. But it can occur in any bone. This type of cancer is most common in teenagers and people over 60. ("Osteosarcoma") In teens with cancer, about 5% is osteosarcoma. ("Osteosarcoma" Teens Living with Cancer.) It is more common in males than females. (“Disease Information”) In males it usually affects people between the ages of 15-19. And in girls, it is usually ages 10-14. Most teens effected are taller compared to the average. ("Osteosarcoma" Teens Living with Cancer.) Growth spurts can onset this cancer so it is very rare in children less than 5 years of age. (“Disease Information”) It usually is never expressed in children before puberty. ("Osteosarcoma" Teens Living with Cancer.) There are more incidences of this in black children than in white children. (“Disease Information”) This could be as a result of the genetic factors. This ...
Malignant Melanoma is a type of malignant cancer that affects the melanocytes. A melanocyte produces the pigmentation in our skin and melanin gives us the color to our skin. These cells occur in the skin and can be found in other parts of the body. It is important to realize that melanoma can begin in any part of the body that can contain a melanocyte. Melanoma is considered less common than other skin cancers. It is a cancer that can be very dangerous if not detected early. Although in most cases it is diagnosed in time and can be cured. Many people are diagnosed with this cancer and it is said that 160,000 cases are diagnosed a year. ( ). In men a common site is on their back and for a woman is on their legs.
Lymphomas are regarded as cancers of lymphocytes. The process which lymphoma occurs consists of a series of events where normal lymphocyte cells cease to mature and develop in an orderly fashion. The genetic make-up of the lymphocyte is altered, resulting in the formation of altered lymph tissue (tumours) or altered lymphocyte secretions. Typically, patients present with a painless swelling of lymph node, with or without fever and night sweats and weight loss.
Tumors and growths of all kinds can form in the thyroid gland. Thyroid tumors are usually benign, which is not cancerous; but doesn’t mean that they can’t be malignant, which are cancerous and spread quickly into nearby tissues and other glandular areas of the body. Thyroid cancer can happen to anyone at any age. According to the Essentials of Human Diseases and Conditions textbook; “The four main types of thyroid cancer are papillary (small nipple-like projections), follicular (saclike balls of cells), medullary (affecting the interior portion of the gland, and anaplastic (loss of differentiations of cells).” (Schell Frazier & Drzymkowski Wist, 2013)
Ewing sarcoma is an abnormal growth of cells that is cancerous (malignant). It grows in bones or tissues near bones. It is usually found in longer bones of the arms or legs. The thigh bone (femur) is the bone most often affected, followed by the bones of the pelvis, lower leg, upper arm (humerus), and chest.
...tumors are cancerous or non-cancerous, however being either does not stop treatment from saving patients. As stated the treatments can work and have worked in the past lifetime. The healthiness of a patient has the benefit of the doubt that the patient will have a longer lifespan. Meningioma can go away for a little amount of time and then return but only as a slow growing tumor. Glioma is a cancer that goes away and comes back ten times stronger than before. Mestastic brain tumor can cause permanent damage to the patient’s body, but its worth by getting the treatment and know that you are cure from a cancer. Tumors are life threatening and life giving. Once a patient has been notified of a tumor growing in their body, it changes their attitude and the potential future in their eyes. The chance of living by treatment is worth way more than living without treatment.
Different characteristics of tumours may point to malignancy in some organs but in other locations may indicate a benign growth. For example, Thieme indicates that “an echopenic halo suggests metastasis in the liver but suggests a...
A chordoma is a cancer found in the base of the skull or anywhere in the spine. These tumors occur in both bone and the soft tissue.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on where in the body the tumor started, the width of the tumor when the cancer was diagnosed, whether the tumor has spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant parts of the body, whether there are certain changes in the genes, the type of rhabdomyosarcoma, whether the tumor has been completely removed by surgery, whether the tumor responds to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, the patient’s age and general health, and whether the tumor has just been diagnosed or has recurred )come back). For patients with recurrent cancer, prognosis and treatment depend on where in the body the tumor recurred, whether the tumor was treated with radiation therapy, the size of the tumor when the cancer was diagnosed, and how much time has passed between the end of cancer treatment and when the cancer recurred.
Ewing Sarcoma is a form of cancer that starts growing as tumors in bones and close to the soft tissues that are grouped near bones. Any cells in the body can become cancerous and then can move throughout the body. Any form of cancer begins by the rapid division of cells and that end up growing out of control crowding out the normal body cells. Ewing Sarcoma tends to have gene of DNA the fuses into abnormalities and consist of proteins that are not found or are rarely found within other forms and types of cancers. Ewing Sarcoma is generally found in three main areas of the body: the legs - more specifically
Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue caused by a rapid division of cells that have developed a form of mutation. Neoplasm can be either malignant or benign. Benign are not cancerous and be removed in most cases. And cells in benign do not spread to other parts of the body. With malignant they are cancerous and have cells that grow out of control and spread to other parts of the body. Primary refers to the site where it first started to grow. Secondary means that it has spread to more than one part of the body. And Ca in situ means that the tumor has stayed
Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma, also referred to as RMS, is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children, according to MedScape.com. The survival rates have been increasing over the last 5 years, however, patients with localized sarcoma have raised the rates higher than 80%, but patients with metastatic sarcoma have raised them less than 30%. RMS is usually embodied as an “expanding mass” and may be palpable easily and early in the onset of disease, however that depends on the superficiality of the tumor and if it is located more subcutaneously, the tumor would be harder to find. Symptoms depend on where the tumor is located and pain may or may not be present. Locations and presentations of localized disease include: orbit - proptosis or dysconjugate gaze, paratesticular - painless scrotal mass, prostate - bladder or bowel difficulties, uterus, cervix, bladder - menorrhagia or metrorrhagia, vagina - protruding polypoid mass (botryoid, or a grape-like cluster), extremities - painless mass, parameningeal - upper respiratory symptoms or pain.