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Essays on the causes of eating disorders
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Essays on the causes of eating disorders
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Eating Disorders in Males
Eating disorders have traditionally been a “woman’s problem.” It has not been until recently that we have recognized the fact that males are suffering from these deadly disorders as well. It has been generally agreed upon that anywhere from five to 15 percent of all reported cases of eating disorders are attributed to men. This paper will examine its incidence in males and the physical and psychological aspects associated with having an eating disorder.
First lets look at the history of eating disorders. The very first case of an eating disorder diagnosed was actually a male. In 1689, Dr. Richard Morton described a case of “nervous consumption” in a 16-year-old male and he was prescribed restraint from horseback riding and his studies. (Carlat, Camargo, & Herzog, 1997) In the 1700s the full plump female figure was considered to be the most beautiful because it showed a sign of wealth. It was not until the 1920s that smaller female figures seemed to be in vogue. It was during this time that women began to dress more “provocatively” in flapper dresses. The Barbie doll came out in the 1940s which put an absolutely unrealistic measuring stick up to little girls. The 1960s saw an upsurgance of anorexia when Twiggy, the gaunt British actress became popular. And recently our society has seen an increase in the incidence of eating disorders, especially in men.
Now lets define anorexia nervosa and bulimia. According to the DSM-IV the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa are “body image distortion, amenorrhea, and intense fear of gaining weight, resulting in body weight that is at least 15% below that expected for age and height.” (Hausenblas & Carron, 1999) The definition for bulimia is less clear. Bulimia includes “self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape or weight and recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binge eating…followed by inappropriate compensatory behavior undertaken to prevent weight gain.” (Hausenblas & Carrron, 1999) This compensatory behavior may include use of laxatives, diuretics, self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, fasting or inordinate exercising. Unlike anorexics, bulimics are usually at or above their body weight.
These diseases may result in biological problems including amenorrhea for females, gonadotropin secretion in males, electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal disorders, endo...
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...utchins, D.E., Getz, H.G., & Hayes, G.L. (2000). Male Anorexia
Nervosa: A New Focus. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 22, 365-370.
Goode, E. (2000). Thinner: The Male Battle With Anorexia. New York Times.
06/25/2000, Vol. 149, Issue 51430, Section 16, p8.
Hausenblas, H.A., & Carron, A.V. (1999). Eating Disorder Indices and Athletes: An
Integration. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 21, 230-258.
McLorg, P.A. & Taub, D.E. (1992) Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia: The Development of
Deviant Identities. In D.H. Kelly (Ed.), Deviant Behavior: A Text-Reader in the Sociology of Deviance. (pp. 203-214). New York: Worth Publishers.
Phillpot, D., & Sheppard, G. (1998). More Than Mere Vanity. Guidance & Counseling.
13, 28-34.
Romero, F. (1994). Adolescent Boys and Anorexia Nervosa. Adolescence. 29, 643-648.
Shiltz, T. (2000). Males and Eating Disorders: Research. Eating Disorders Awareness
and Prevention, Inc. Retrieved on November 18, 2001 from the World Wide Web: http://www.edap.org/edinfo/menresearch.html
Zerbe, K.J. (1992) Eating Disorders in the 1990s: Clinical Challenges and Treatment
Implications. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 56, 167-188.
Once this happened, she accepted nihilism as the answer to existential questions. She directly opposes the idea that the universe is interconnected and believes that life is meaningless. She uses her beliefs in nihilism to explain to Albert that the reason for his questions is that he was “orphaned by indifference” (I Heart Huckabees). This causes Albert to accept nihilism and believe that things are meaningless. Albert and Tommy display the absurdity of nihilism by comparing it to hitting each other in the face with a ball. Being hit in the face allows them to understand the meaninglessness of the world and they desire to hit each other “all day every day” (I Heart Huckabees). Caterine explains to them that it is not possible to do this all day and that have you to “get drawn back into human drama” (I Heart Huckabees). This is similar to the criticism of nihilism we learned in class that if you are truly nihilistic then you should not do anything and just embrace the meaninglessness of the world. There is a scene in the movie before Albert accepts nihilism where he is eating dinner with a Christian family. He seems to reject their beliefs and ends up getting into an argument with the family. This is interesting because according to Nietzsche, Christianity and nihilism share the same metaphysic. In the end though, Albert rejects nihilism because he views it as too
Adler, Patricia A., and Adler Peter. Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context, and Interaction. 6th ed. Belmont: Thomas/Wadsworth, 2009.
Love in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet William Shakespeare examines the concepts of love in the tragic play
“Romeo and Juliet”, a play composed by William Shakespeare, is about a boy and a girl who are fall in love with each other at first sight, but soon find out that they have fallen in love with the child of their parents enemy. Seeing fate is not on their side due to the ongoing feud between their parents, they are willing to do anything to be together, which unfortunately leads to both of their demise. Many people question if the love between Romeo and Juliet was true. The love between the two was not true because they fell in love with each other’s appearances, they didn’t know each other long enough to actually figure out each other, and they were hardly thinking straight during the relationship.
Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit, one who enjoys peace and quiet, feasts and fireplaces, and the coziness of his home. At the beginning the The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien, Bilbo could not even imagine going on a tenacious adventure, but by the end he has survived the longest, toughest battle yet. Throughout the novel Bilbo Baggins changes from a prudent, typical hobbit into a courageous, sacrificing adventurer.
Shapiro, C. M. (2012). Eating disorders: Causes, diagnosis, and treatments [Ebrary version]. Retrieved from http://libproxy.utdallas.edu/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utdallas/Doc?id=10683384&ppg=3
“Catcher in the Rye”, by J.D. Salinger, is a timeless classic of a boy just trying to find himself in world full of rejecting people. The main characters name is Holden Caulfield. Holden is a sixteen year old boy who has been expelled from a yet another school. Holden has many problems in his life ranging from girlfriends to family. He does not have many friends, the girl he used to love had sex with a boy he hates, and his little brother passed away at a very young age. No matter what Holden tries to do, it seems life only gets worse. Holden has a strange personality. He wants to hold onto every childhood aspect that he can yet have sex with a prostitute. Every character in “Catcher in the Rye” has very different personalities and characteristics; each of these characters represents and shapes Holden’s own personality. Phoebe is the childhood side while Mr. Antolini is his adult side.
Eating disorders are described as an illness involving eating habits that are irregular and an extreme concern with body image or weight. Eating disorders tend to appear during teenage years, but can develop at any age. Although more common in women, eating disorders can affect any age, gender or race. In the United States, over 20 million women and 10 million men are personally affected by eating disorders. There are many different causes of eating disorders such as low self esteem, societal pressures, sexual abuse and the victims perception of food. Eating disorders are unique to the sufferer and often, their perception of themselves is so skewed, they may not be aware they have an eating disorder. Media, for quite some time now, has played a significant part in eating disorders. Magazines with headlines ‘Summer Body’, or ‘Drop LB’s Fast!’ attract the attention of girls who may be insecure with themselves. Television productions such as the Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show or American’s Next Top Model, show airbrushed and photoshopped women who have body types that may be unachievable. Those who are suffering from eating disorders can suffer dangerous consequences, and it is important to seek help.
Eating disorders are a group of conditions characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior with either an extreme reduction or an extreme increase of food intake, which negatively affects the individual's mental and physical health. There are two main types of eating disorders – anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. There is a third category of eating disorders called “eating disorders not otherwise specified”. Binge eating disorder is categorized under this. Eating disorders mainly appear during adolescence and early adulthood and affect women and girls much more than males. Eating disorders are not self-inflicted diseases, but real illnesses with biological and psychological causes. They often co-exist with other disorders such as depression and substance abuse and can lead to a number of other health complications such as kidney failure, heart problems and even death.
Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by a strong desire to lose, or not to gain weight through starvation. This can be caused by the victim’s distorted view of their own body image. The two generalized types are: strict diet and exercise, and binging and purging (Martini, Nath, Bartholomew, 2012). Bulimia nervosa is categorized by episodic binge eating that is followed by guilt, depression, and self-condemnation (Martini, Nath, Bartholomew, 2012). These emotions noted are usually followed by attempts to lose weight by way of self-induced vomiting, laxatives, dieting, and or fasting. Excessive eating followed by periods of fasting or self-induced vomiting are characteristics of binge-purge...
Romeo and Juliet’s true love is being mistaken for infatuation because they are in lust and are not emotionally stable enough to be in true love.
Although Phoebe Caulfield may be Holden's younger sister, she is someone whom Holden looks up to for support and advice. She is one of the few people he feels great affection for and he talks about her with obvious happiness. Everything that he says of Phoebe is something that brings contentment to him and he becomes gentle and avoids the jokes that usually fill his sentences. Everything he says sounds touching. It is obvious that being with children such as Phoebe makes Holden very happy.
Eating disorders are a serious health problem. Personal Counseling & Resources says that eating disorders "are characterized by a focus on body shape, weight, fat, food, and perfectionism and by feelings of powerlessness and low self-esteem." Three of the most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating or compulsive eating disorder. According to Anorexia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders, a person with anorexia "refuses to maintain normal body weight for age and height" and "weighs 85 percent or less than what is what is expected for age and height." A person diagnosed with bulimia has several ways of getting rid of the calories such as binge eating, vomiting, laxative misuse, exercising, or fasting. The person might have a normal weight for their age and height unless anorexia is present. The signs of a compulsive eater include eating meals frequently, rapidly, and secretly. This person might also snack and nibble all day long. The compulsive eater tends to have a history of diet failures and may be depressed or obese (Anred.com).
Haralambos, M; Holborn, M; Chapman, S; Moore, S (2013): Haralambos & Holborn sociology: themes and perspectives. 8th edition. London: Collins.
Mongeau E. (2001 February). Eating disorders: a difficult diagnosis. Vital Signs. Retrieved January 6, 2005, from www2.mms.org/vitalsigns/feb01/hcc1.html