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world order crisis in east timor
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For the pioneering writers, the East Timorese participation in politics starts only in 1974, when they created the three political parties. Their accounts of the period until 1978 are generally reiterations of Jill Jolliffe’s view, and the center of discussion is usually FRETILIN and its armed wing – the Portuguese speaking leading vehicle of the resistance. In more recent works (of Taylor, Dun, and Robinson), the narrative ends with the international intervention in 1999 or the Restoration of Independence in 2002. And their agendas are “human-rights violation,” “freedom,” “nationalism,” “genocide,” and “self-determination.” This type of scholarship was culminated in the final report of the Commission of Reception, Truth, and Reconciliation.
Such has been the context that Akihisa Matsuno pointed out that an ethnic history of the East Timorese has never been written as all the writers were concerned about “East Timor Issue” as an international conflict, and wrote its history as an extension of Australian or Indonesian history. He rightly pointed out that the independence of East Timor in 2002 was possible not only because of international support, but the more essential was the persistent resistance of the East Timorese people. Though his study was concerned roughly the same period and similar political issues, he tried to shift the center of argument to the Timorese who participated in the resistance. He succeeded in providing a more comprehensive account of interrelations among the Indonesian military, pro-Indonesian Timorese militia, FRETILIN guerrillas, the Church, youth organizations, and Timorese students who studied in Indonesia. This was enabled by his use of sources written by East Timorese activists, guerrillas, and...
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...s led by “Indonesian” exiles from West Timor. In 1975, about 1000 East Timorese moved to West Timor trying to fled from FRETILIN’s persecution. UN’s reports indicate that in 1999 and 2006 – times of conflicts – thousands of East Timorese fled to West side.
an interview with Masamichi Kijima「陸軍主計中尉としてみた東ティモール(East Timor: Observed by an Accountant Lieutenant of the Army)」, interviewed by Kanichi Gotou, recorded in 「証言集 - 日本軍占領下のインドネシア(Testimonies: Indonesia under Japanese Army’s Occupation)」, インドネシア日本占領期史料フォーラム 1991.
From Interview with Maria Patty-Noach, Kupang, 30 June 2000. Cited in Steven Farram, “The PKI in West Timor and Nusa Tenggara Timur 1965 and beyond” Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Vol. 166, No. 4 (2010), pp. 381-403. The author added “This is by no means a solitary opinion and has been heard by the author many times in West Timor.”
Much of what is considered modern Japan has been fundamentally shaped by its involvement in various wars throughout history. In particular, the events of World War II led to radical changes in Japanese society, both politically and socially. While much focus has been placed on the broad, overarching impacts of war on Japan, it is through careful inspection of literature and art that we can understand war’s impact on the lives of everyday people. The Go Masters, the first collaborative film between China and Japan post-WWII, and “Turtleback Tombs,” a short story by Okinawan author Oshiro Tatsuhiro, both give insight to how war can fundamentally change how a place is perceived, on both an abstract and concrete level.
Another strength of this book is Prochnau's treatment of the central characters. These journalists were often reviled and criticized for their caustic and searing articles about the Vietnamese situation. These popular opinions undermined the legitimacy of their work and the truthfulness of their reportage of the deterioration of South Vietnam. Prochnau's accounting of these individuals runs contrary to these opinions, and in effect, reaffirms the validity of these journalists' work. For example, the David Halberstram has often been portrayed as an antiwar hero, yet the author stated that Halberstram was quite the opposite. "But not once during his Vietnam years or well afterward, did he (Halberstram) question America's right, even her need to be there (Vietnam). His criticisms were of methods and foolishness, lying and self-delusion, of a failure to set a policy that could win."(pg 141) These depictions exonerate the image of this hardy "band of brothers."
In January 1965, Caputo, now an officer, is sent to Okinawa, Japan with men in the Third Marine Division. While waiting for the call to join the war, the young men start getting antsy and discouraged by the long delay of battle. Two months later, on March 7, 1965, Caputo’s company, along with many others, are assigned to a war location, D...
Okihiro, Gary Y. Whispered Silences: Japanese Americans and World War II. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996.
By examining this particular novel's relationship to these overlapping, yet also contestatory, interpretive rubrics, I hope to shed light not only on two salient notions of community formation that continually vie for hegemony in the field of Asian American studies,” (Lee 235). In this analysis, Lee focuses heavily on the building blocks of postcolonial theory in regards to the Asian Pacific while dissecting the novel Through The Arc of the Rainforest. Unlike Heise, who argued primarily that the colonial and neocolonial agendas were negative to mankind through means of environmental destruction, Lee argues that that the industrialization of the Asian Pacific dramatically and negatively affects the chosen paradigm, or model, that the native asians and american asians follow. Similarly to Heise, the principles of marxism play a part in the colonialism, as marxism stands to criticize the capitalist mindset that drives colonialism to begin with. There is a fallacy created in the process of neocolonialism; for a collection of nationalist banning together to recreate themselves in a self describe image that only mirrors the oppressor in hindsight, the question that begs to be answered: why does this happen. Lee seems to suggest
...feat of Japan in World War 2). With the changes of the nature of power, Japan by balancing out aggressive economic policies and a quiet military buildup, was able to build herself up to become a prominent player in the international sphere today. In closing, while Japan’s policies today in general have been skewered towards the arguments of the ‘Gentleman’, increasingly Japan has considered more realist concerns of security in the escalation of tensions of the East Asian geopolitical sphere. Chomin’s Discourse has nonetheless served as a prophetic blueprint for more than a century of Japan policy-making.
...eased soldier, Tung, whom Kien has forgotten. “ ‘Maybe it was Tung. What do you think, Kien?’ ‘Tung who?’ asked Kien. ‘Crazy Tung. The guardsman, don’t you remember?’” (Ninh, 97). Yet, after the war, Kien cannot quit remembering all that died. “He mistook her first for a jungle girl named Hoa…Then, horribly, for a naked girl at Saigon airport on 30 April 1975.” (Ninh, 113). Kien returned to his pre-war culture of remembering the dead.
Kyi Suu San Aung. "The Quest of Democracy." Reading The World: Ideas That Matter, edited
Leckie, Robert. Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II. New York: Penguin Group, 1995. Print.
Dentan, Robert Knox. 1968. The Semai: A Nonviolent People of Malaya. Orlando, FL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s This Earth of Mankind is an allegorical novel describing the growth of protagonist Minke during the pre-awakening of colonized Java. Set in 1898 during the period of imperial Dutch domination over all aspects of Javan life, the novel provides a clear image of the political and social struggles of a subjugated people through the point of view of a maturing youth. Using several of his novel’s major characters as allegorical symbols for the various stages of awareness the citizens of Java have of Indonesia’s awakening as a modern nation, Toer weaves together an image of the rise of an idyllic post-colonial Indonesia with modern views of Enlightenment ideals.
... Horrendously for Philippines and Hawaii, their resources and people are the target of western imperialism, capitalism, racism, industrialization, and military power in the name of ‘democracy’. Against their will, these people must endure imposed western ideology, and sacrifice their life in the fights for self-government. On the other hand, those who came armed with intentions would use any means possible to get what they came for. For some conniving characters seeking self-fortunes, and protecting their own interest, they walk a fine line of morality. Where they can not apply forces, propaganda is their powerful allied. This is an endless cycle of how empire rises and falls. What goes down in history for future generation is the doctrines of the why and the how to go about obtaining the resources that enable one nation to rise or fall.
Wilson, Constance, Dr. "Colonialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia." Colonialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia. Himself, July 2005. Web. 02 Dec. 2013.
Behrent, Megan. “Ngugi wa Thiong’o on the Language Question”. Online posting. 1997. Political Discourse – Theories of Colonialism & Postcolonialism. November 10, 1999. <http://landow.stg.brown.edu/post/poldiscourse/behrent.html.>
Every human being, in addition to having their own personal identity, has a sense of who they are in relation to the larger community--the nation. Postcolonial studies is the attempt to strip away conventional perspective and examine what that national identity might be for a postcolonial subject. To read literature from the perspective of postcolonial studies is to seek out--to listen for, that indigenous, representative voice which can inform the world of the essence of existence as a colonial subject, or as a postcolonial citizen. Postcolonial authors use their literature and poetry to solidify, through criticism and celebration, an emerging national identity, which they have taken on the responsibility of representing. Surely, the reevaluation of national identity is an eventual and essential result of a country gaining independence from a colonial power, or a country emerging from a fledgling settler colony. However, to claim to be representative of that entire identity is a huge undertaking for an author trying to convey a postcolonial message. Each nation, province, island, state, neighborhood and individual is its own unique amalgamation of history, culture, language and tradition. Only by understanding and embracing the idea of cultural hybridity when attempting to explore the concept of national identity can any one individual, or nation, truly hope to understand or communicate the lasting effects of the colonial process.