MAJOR MOTIVATIONAL AND EMOTIONAL RESPONSE THEORIES
Define the major motivational and emotional response theories that influence behavior.
“Emotion is a feeling state involving physiological arousal, a cognitive appraisal of situation arousing the state, and an outward expression of the state.
The James-Lange Theory “James claimed that first an event causes physiological arousal and a physical response. Only then does the individual perceive or interpret the physical response as an emotion. In other words, saying something stupid causes you to blush, and you interpret your physical response, blushing, as an emotion, embarrassment.” He went on to suggest that “we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble”
The Cannon-Bard Theory “Emotion-provoking stimuli are received by the senses and are then relayed simultaneously to the cerebral cortex, which provides the conscious mental experience of the emotion, and to the sympathetic nervous system, which produces the physiological state of arousal. In other words, your feeling of emotion (fear, for example) occurs at about the same time that you experience physiological arousal
(a pounding heart). One does not cause the other
.
The Schachter-Singer Theory According to his theory, two things must happen in order for a person to feel an emotion. “1. The person must first experience physiological arousal. 2. Then there must be a cognitive interpretation or explanation of the logical arousal so that the person can label it as a specific emotion.” He concluded that “a true emotion can occur only if a person is physically aroused and can find some reason for it.”
The Lazarus Theory “a cognitive appraisal is the first step in an
The journey from Chongqing to America was one with many obstacles and Suyuan sacrificed so much for her daughter hoping that one day June will be successful. The support and care that Suyuan provided for June ended when she suddenly passes away which forces June discerns how little she actually knows about her own mother. This seemingly ordinary life of June disappears as she discovers her mother’s past which included siblings that have been abandoned and thus attempts to find her long lost sisters. This idea was brought up by the Aunties of the Joy Luck Club that her mother founded which can be seen as the call to an adventure. The purpose of this journey was not only to find her sisters but to also discover her mother for who Suyuan truly was. In June’s eyes, Suyuan was always impossible to please and she was never on the same page as her mother who believes a person could be anything they wanted in America-the land of opportunities. But as the Joy Luck Club reminds June of how smart, dutiful, and kind her
Friedman, B. H. Feelings and the body: The Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion(2010). Biological Psychology.
What is an emotion? William James and Jean-Paul Sartre present two different arguments regarding what constitutes an emotion. This paper will explore William James' analysis of emotion as set out in his 1884 essay . It will attempt to discover the main points of his view, and then present Sartre's rebuttal of this view taken from his essay on emotions . Concluding with an explanation regarding why Sartre's account is flawed and James's argument is the stronger of the two, it will use outside examples to demonstrate the various weaknesses and strengths within the two perspectives.
(1997). McRae et al. (1997) attempted to find if the Five-Factor Model was a universal constant in all cultures. They also attempted to see if cultural views would change how the five traits were viewed. The researchers collected data from 6 different translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, this inventory looks for universal trait dimensions in a variety of languages. These 6 translations were then compared to the American counterpart. It was found that while some cultures did differ slightly in their view of the five traits found in the Five-Factor Model in comparison to Americans, the traits were still universal. All six translations found the big five traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and opens to experience to be
Conformity, compliance and obedience are behavioural consequences of social influence (real or imagined social pressure) that occur in the presence of a group or other individuals (Elsenbroich & Xenitidou, 2012). Often these concepts are misinterpreted as being the same or even synonymous and while they do have similarities they are also very dissimilar. In social psychology conformity, compliance and obedience are distinct concepts that coincide due to their effect on behaviour in the presence of others. Pascual, Line Felonneau, Guéguen & Lafaille (2013) define conformity as an altering of behaviour and beliefs in an individual in order to reflect the behaviour and beliefs of the group that holds influence, though Myers (2014) emphasises that
Theories of Motivation What is the motivation for this? According to the text, motivation is defined as a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward a certain goal. Motivation is the energy that makes us do things; this is a result of our individual needs being satisfied so that we have inspiration to complete the mission. These needs vary from person to person as everybody has their individual needs to motivate themselves.
Plutchik, Robert (1980), Emotion: Theory, research, and experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion, 1, New York: Academic
In his influential paper “Feeling and Thinking. Preferences need no Inferences” (Zajonc, 1980), he argued for the idea that affect is “precedent to the intellective qualities and elements of experience” (para. 1), and in line with this he put forward several hypothesis to exhibit the supremacy of affect in information processing - in its independence, primacy and automaticity - over cognition. He collected and presented a host of empirical findings to support his argument. Among those, the mere-exposure effect - the experimental evidence for subject’s preferences, or liking, by merely being exposed to certain stimuli without the subjects’ conscious (and thus assumedly cognitive) processing of them, was cited as the supporting evidence for preferential processing of affect before cognition (or “feeling without knowing” as described by Zajonc) (Zajonc, 1980). He also based his argument on the biological assumption that distinctive brain area, specifically the locus coeruleus, was responsible for the processing of affective information, and thus to complete his argument for the independence of the emotion apart from
While the monster gains a feeling of hatred and a desire for revenge after he is abandoned and treated pitifully, Frankenstein continuing reinforces the suffering of his creation, and likewise the suffering of himself. Frankenstein is completely to blame for the misery that he endures. Victor creates a being only for his own fulfillment, and afterwards abandons the great responsibility that he bears for it. To make it worse, Frankenstein intentionally ruins the monster 's happiness and gives him the same horrendous treatment that the rest of mankind gives the monster. Victor 's selfish actions cost him his family, bring him to the brink of insanity, and make a terrible creature out of a loving and compassionate being. Victor Frankenstein is a true
...oes for most of the emotions that people feel. I never really noticed any of this before I started writing this paper. I shared this information with my best friend and she was amazed that the way people interact is generally the same within groups in society. She now has a better understanding of the communication patterns and behaviors of people and she is not even in the class.
As children, we depend on the world to show us how we should behave. We observe the world to see how we should act and when it is the proper time to act a certain way. In psychology this is called observational learning. Observational learning starts when infants began to imitating their parent’s behaviors. It is often found that children’s behavior (expression of emotion) results from observing their parents. In most cases, adults have the same behavior as they did when they were younger. In other cases, adult behavior change’s depending on their surroundings. However, our experience from observing the world can have different effects, because not everyone is the same. In contrast, human expression of emotion can vary. Therefore, human emotions are the most difficult subject to understand. Attempting to study emotions is hard because human’s emotion range from high to low in several categories like frustration, aggression, excitement, depression, fear, sadness, and joy.
Emotion is an indispensable aspect of our lives, but its necessity in gaining knowledge is often disregarded by people, and therefore this essay will analyze, and justify why it is to a great extent that emotion is needful when obtaining knowledge. Emotion plays an enormous role in helping an individual obtain knowledge, as emotion can aid the person in making sense of knowledge, developing it, and it also has an immense effect on our thought process. Even though some argue that emotion isn’t necessary in obtaining rational knowledge in areas of knowledge like physics and math, this is falsified by the fact that emotion assists us in enhancing our learning. Which is due to the presence of secondary emotions such as “passion”, and “determination”. It is noticed that it is easier to obtain knowledge that has a connection with our lives or our feelings.
To conclude, researches propose a number of theories that experience human emotions. The James-Lange theory of emotion and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion belong to one physiological category of theories. However, chosen theories differ greatly from each other. While the James-Lange theory affirms that different physiological states respond to various experiences of emotion, the Cannon-Bard theory claims that humans react to an inducement and experience that is related to the emotion at that time. Both theories have individuals that criticize them and it is up to the individual to decide which one to
One scientist, Damasio, provided an explanation how emotions can be felt in humans biologically. Damasio suggested, “Various brain structures map both the organism and external objects to create what he calls a second order representation. This mapping of the organism and the object most likely occurs in the thalamus and cingulate cortices. A sense of self in the act of knowing is created, and the individual knows “to whom this is happening.” The “seer” and the “seen,” the “thought” and the “thinker” are one in the same.” By mapping the brain scientists can have a better understandi...
Second, emotions often go together with motives. And third, it is typical for basic emotions to possess motivational properties of their own. For example, happiness motivates a person to achieve better performance. A similarity between emotion and motivation is that they are both linked to energy or intensity instead of information or direction. Yet another similarity is that both rely on the relationship between an individual and it’s environment. Emotions have the biggest control over our motivation in life. Understanding how people feel in situations may inform you of what strongly motivates them to do certain actions. Every person has a different experience even when viewing the same events. Events are an external stimulus that can affect a person’s emotional state. The act of laughing or crying, may be the reaction to stimulus. Stimulus can come from internal factors as well as external factors such as a person thinking something funny or thinking something sad. People who smile are happier however it is not known if the smile is in reaction or if the smile produces feelings of happiness. Understanding emotional theories and their operation within our subconscious, is a useful device for managing our own lives as well as understanding others. Each person is unique, so every emotion to each situation is unique as well. Schachter-Singer theory is troubled with how arousal and emotion affect performance and human motivation. In this theory a person learns that events cause physiological arousal first then emotion. Although motivations biggest influence is emotion, another influence is having a goal. For example, you have a aunt who would like to get fit. Your aunt sets the goal of watching what they eat, and trying to exercise more. The motivation here for your aunt would be the goals that they had previously set. But some people could also argue that the goals are also linked to emotions because the goals were made from some desire , and desire is an emotion.