Multiprocessor can be defined as a computer system made up of two or more central processing units (CPUs), with all the units sharing the common memory as well as the accessories. Because of that, this helps in simultaneous processing of programs. The primary objective of using a multiprocessor is to enhance the system’s execution speed and to process large volume of data. The main idea of multiprocessors is to create powerful computers by connecting many processors. Multiprocessors are categorized by the way their memory is organized. There are two main kinds of multiprocessing system i.e. tightly coupled systems and loosely coupled systems. Tightly coupled multiprocessor can be classified as a system with common shared memory although this …show more content…
It is easy when the task are relatively natural in the program. For example, queries on a database. In this case, it has lot of parallelism because user are submitting lot of queries but it’s still need to coordinate when these queries access the data and access maybe the same part of database while one updating the database and other reading from it. As a result it needs to coordinate from these. It becomes much more difficult when natural task boundaries are unclear. This means if you take single program and tries to parallelize it especially when there are lot of dependencies in the program. Another way of looking at it is instead of doing it explicitly, if the system and hardware implicitly or transparently takes a single program and the programmer writes in single threaded and system parallelize on multi-core system or a multiprocessor. If we run many independent tasks together, this works easy when there are many processes work together. For example, batch simulations, designing of processor and working of many applications on a processor. The downside of this is does not improve the performance of a single
For over thirty years, since the beginning of the computing age, the Gordon Moore's equation for the number of chip transistors doubling every eighteen months has been true (Leyden). However, this equation by its very nature cannot continue on infinitely. Although the size of the transistor has drastically decreased in the past fifty years, it cannot get too much smaller, therefore a computer cannot get much faster. The limits of transistor are becoming more and more apparent within the processor speed of Intel and AMD silicon chips (Moore's Law). One reason that chip speeds now are slower than possible is because of the internal-clock of the computer. The clock organizes all of the operation processing and the memory speeds so the information ends at the same time or the processor completes its task uniformly. The faster a chip can go (Mhz) requires that this clock tick ever and ever faster. With a 1.0 Ghz chip, the clock ticks a billion times a second (Ball). This becomes wasted energy and the internal clock limits the processor. These two problems in modern computing will lead to the eventual disproving of Moore's Law. But are there any new areas of chip design engineering beside the normal silicon chip. In fact, two such designs that could revolutionize the computer industry are multi-threading (Copeland) and asynchronous chip design (Old Tricks). The modern silicon processor cannot keep up with the demands that are placed on it today. With the limit of transistor size approaching as well the clock speed bottleneck increasing, these two new chip designs could completely scrap the old computer industry and recreate it completely new.
It also includes pair programming where two developers work on the same pc, while one typing and other offered advice. This improved programs productivity and decrease error.
David Silverman provided four main reasons why multitasking can be a reliable source for doing many tasks at once. The first reason is multitasking can help a person collect pieces of information faster. Silverman used the example of him getting contact from a customer to make a slide, but wasn't available so his employee started on the slide. After reading his email, Silverman and his employee accomplish the slide within thirty minutes. This example shows how in a certain time a person can collect information quicker from doing another task. The second reason is multitasking can help a person from any distractions or interruptions from doing the tasks
It is well known that the team work is far better than performing a task individually. Such kind of practice plays a very important role in software engineering. A lot of things can be achieved together with the combination of diversified people, as they input different tactics and skills so that the main objective of a certain mission can be accomplished appropriately. Even though teaming up and working for a project is essential and helpful; there exist some issues that could bring interruptions and conflicts in the team.
Technology in today's society is rapidly evolving and advancing. However, the question remains can a computer successfully process a task which requires a high level of cognitive function when completed by humans? There are many factors which can influence on the completion of a task including, cognition, performance and optimization but to what extent can we control these factors. However, we cannot always control internal factors which make it difficult to focus and cognitive ability has specific outcomes on particular tasks.
Multi-tasking has been proven to slow efficiency. However, something should be mentioned here is that no one can really multitask. The human brain does not multi-task like an expert juggler; it switches frantically between tasks like a bad amateur plate spinner. What you actually do when you are doing the concentration demanding-tasks is to focus on the first one and then the other, a so-called "switch-tasking". We all know
...he internet and listening to music and doing other humble task at the same time, because one tasks will go to one of the processors and the music tasks will go the other processor unless the program is coded to use multithreading.
First reason for that is it allows us to add capabilities to physical system. And because of that we merge computing and communication with physical process and it brings us many benefits, like system will be more safe and efficient, the cost of construction and operation will be reduce and we can build a complex system that provide us a new capabilities. Other advantages are: we can get fast way to ensure safety in various real world processes, we can ensure efficiency, it will improve the quality of life for countless people, etc.
Virtualization technologies provide isolation of operating systems from hardware. This separation enables hardware resource sharing. With virtualization, a system pretends to be two or more of the same system [23]. Most modern operating systems contain a simplified system of virtualization. Each running process is able to act as if it is the only thing running. The CPUs and memory are virtualized. If a process tries to consume all of the CPU, a modern operating system will pre-empt it and allow others their fair share. Similarly, a running process typically has its own virtual address space that the operating system maps to physical memory to give the process the illusion that it is the only user of RAM.
Von Neumann architecture, or the Von Neumann model, stems from a 1945 computer architecture description by the physicist, mathematician, and polymath John von Neumann and others. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter , external mass storage, subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a memory to store both data and commands, also an input and output mechanisms. The meaning of the term has grown to mean a stored-program computer in which a command fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is commonly referred to as the Von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of a system.
reason is that computers can execute instructions many times faster, and with fewer errors than
A processor is the chip inside a computer which carries out of the functions of the computer at various speeds. There are many processors on the market today. The two most well known companies that make processors are Intel and AMD. Intel produces the Pentium chip, with the most recent version of the Pentium chip being the Pentium 3. Intel also produces the Celeron processor (Intel processors). AMD produces the Athlon processor and the Duron processor (AMD presents).
Fast Tracking: Under this, we try to run activities in parallel even if they are dependent on each other. This might some times have impact of the quality aspect of the activities since things are being done in parallel when they should be done sequentially based on the dependency.
In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data.
The computer has progressed in many ways, but the most important improvement is the speed and operating capabilities. It was only around 6 years ago when a 386 DX2 processor was the fastest and most powerful CPU in the market. This processor could do a plethora of small tasks and still not be working to hard. Around 2-3 years ago, the Pentium came out, paving the way for new and faster computers. Intel was the most proficient in this area and came out with a range of processors from 66 MHz-166 Mhz. These processors are also now starting to become obsolete. Todays computers come equipped with 400-600 Mhz processors that can multi-task at an alarming rate. Intel has just started the release phase of it’s new Pentium III-800MHz processor. Glenn Henry is