I. INTRODUCTION
A processor is a main part of any digital system. And an ALU is one of the main components of a micro-processor. To give a simple analogy, CPU works as a brain to any system & and ALU works as a brain to CPU. So it’s a brain of computer’s brain. They are consists of fast dynamic logic circuits and have carefully optimized structures. Of total power consumption in any processor, CPU accounts a significant portion of it. ALU also contribute to one of the highest power-density locations on the processor, as it is clocked at the highest speed and is busy mostly all the time which results in thermal hotspots and sharp temperature gradients within the execution core. Therefore , this motivate us strongly for a energy-efficient ALU designs that satisfy the high-performance requirements, while reducing peak and average power dissipation.[1,2] Basically ALU is a combinational circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations on a pair of n bit operands e.g. A [0:7] & B [0:7] for 8 bits. The typical internal structure of a 8 bit ALU is shown in Fig.1. The architecture can be modified similarly for lower bits. Our work is divided into following sections: Section (II) give description of various units and operations of ALU, Section (III) briefly presents the designing of various ALU components such as Shifter, adder, subtractor etc. using conventional complementary design. Section (IV) present the GDI technique. Section (V) present the simulation results and performance analysis of various ALU blocks with complementary and GDI technique and comparison of their performance & optimized area. Finally the work is concluded in Section (VI)
II. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
2.1 Arithmetic Unit
Employing fast and efficient ad...
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...egy for Barrel Shifter Using Mux at 180nm Technology Node ”, International Journal of Science and Modern Engineering (IJISME), ISSN: 2319-6386, Volume-1, Issue-8, July 2013
[8] Arun Prakash Singh, Rohit Kumar, “Implementation of 1-bit Full Adder using Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) cell ”, International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering, ISSN-2277-1956/V1N2-333-342
[9] Arkadiy Morgenshtein, Alexander Fish, and Israel A. Wagner, “Gate-Diffusion Input (GDI): A Power-Efficient Method for Digital Combinatorial Circuits”, IEEE Transactions On Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 10, No. 5, October 2002
[10] Hamid Reza Naghizadeh, Mohammad Sarvghad Moghadam, Saber Izadpanah Tous and Abbas Golmakani, “Design of Two High Performance 1-Bit CMOS Full Adder Cells”, International Journal of Computing and Digital Systems 2, No. 1, 47-52 (2013)
...hborhood, additive CA are ideally suited for V LSI implementation. Different applications ranging from V LSI test domains to the design of a hardwired version of different CA based schemes have been proposed.
Have you ever lost an animal who was close to you, like a cat or dog, for a couple hours or even days? Now imagine losing part of your livestock, which would cost you a bunch of money if you lost them for a while, like a horse, cow, or even a goat, and how hard it would be to see where they are. There are ways to determine where they are at all times and know if they have any diseases that can potentially harm other animals or humans. Well, I certainly did not know that until I found out that you can put a microchip in your equine. That’s crazy, right? Actually, it isn’t as crazy as you may think. I am going to tell you about one specific method of determining where your equine is and if they are infected with any diseases. Also, I am going to tell you the basic information about the microchip, procedure of implanting the microchip, the side effects, and the pros and cons of doing so.
Computer hardware engineers research, develop, and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices, and many more (Bureau of Labor Statistics). They design new computer hardware, create blueprints of computer equipment to be built. Test the completed models of the computer hardware that they design. Update existing equipment so that it will work will new software. Oversee the manufacturing process for the computer hardware. Maintain knowledge of computer engineering trends and new technology(Bureau of Labor Statistics).
“After the integrated circuits the only place to go was down—in size that it. Large scale integration (LS) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. By the 1980’s, very large scale integration (VLSI) squeezed hundreds of thousands of components onto a chip. Ultra-Large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into millions. The ability to fit so much onto an area about half the size of ...
Basic Mathematics for Electronics seventh edition: Nelson M. Cooke, Herbert F.R Adams, Peter B. Dell, T. Adair Moore; Copyright 1960
The motherboard is the main circuit board of a microcomputer. The motherboard contains the connectors for attaching additional boards. Typically, the motherboard contains the CPU, BIOS, memory, mass storage interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers required to control standard peripheral devices, such as the display screen, keyboard, and disk drive. Collectively, all these chips that reside on the motherboard are known as the motherboard's chipset. On most PCs, it is possible to add memory chips directly to the motherboard. You may also be able to upgrade to a faster CP by replacing the CPU chip. To add additional core features, you may need to replace the motherboard entirely. (Glossary)
Moor’s Law: The number of transistors incorporated in a chip will approximately double every 24 months. (Moore, 1965)
In the past few decades, one field of engineering in particular has stood out in terms of development and commercialisation; and that is electronics and computation. In 1965, when Moore’s Law was first established (Gordon E. Moore, 1965: "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"), it was stated that the number of transistors (an electronic component according to which the processing and memory capabilities of a microchip is measured) would double every 2 years. This prediction held true even when man ushered in the new millennium. We have gone from computers that could perform one calculation in one second to a super-computer (the one at Oak Ridge National Lab) that can perform 1 quadrillion (1015) mathematical calculations per second. Thus, it is only obvious that this field would also have s...
Building a computer can be a useful skill in today's world. It allows you to
Mathias, Craig. “Dumb and Dumber”. Electronic Engineering Times 1176 (Fall 2001). ) Academic Search Premier. Colorado State U lib. 5 March, 2003. http://search.epnet.com>
Wolf, D. (2013), Qualcomm: Cometh the Reaper, [Online], Available on: http://siliconhutong.com/category/hardware-and-silicon/, (Accessed on 2 March 2014).
We have the microprocessor to thank for all of our consumer electronic devices, because without them, our devices would be much larger. Microprocessors are the feat of generations of research and development. Microprocessors were invented in 1972 by Intel Corporation and have made it so that computers could shrink to the sizes we know today. Before, computers took a room because the transistors or vacuum tubes were individual components. Microprocessors unified the technology on one chip while reducing the costs. Microprocessor technology has been the most important revolution in the computer industry in the past forty years, as microprocessors have allowed our consumer electronics to exist.
A processor is the chip inside a computer which carries out of the functions of the computer at various speeds. There are many processors on the market today. The two most well known companies that make processors are Intel and AMD. Intel produces the Pentium chip, with the most recent version of the Pentium chip being the Pentium 3. Intel also produces the Celeron processor (Intel processors). AMD produces the Athlon processor and the Duron processor (AMD presents).
The central unit is the basic part of the computer and includes all the main computer parts. It is the heart of the computer system. It is responsible for executing, or running the software. The software programs are translated into a series of codes made up of 1s to 0s that the CPU can understand. Every code means a certain operation should take place.
"programming" rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first “digital calculating machine”. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal’s father who