Maglev Trains And The Technology Behind Them
Introduction
Magnets
Magnetism is a phenomenon that occurs when a moving charge exerts a
force on other moving charges. The magnetic force caused by these
moving charges sets up a field which in turn exerts a force on other
moving charges. This magnetic field is found to be perpendicular to
the velocity of the current. The force of the field decays with
distance from the charge. Most magnets we come across are weak
permanent magnets, such as fridge magnets and door catches. A
permanent magnet is a material that is naturally magnetic, they set up
magnetic fields by electrons circling an atom setting up magnetic
fields. They are based on oxides of barium and iron. They have low
field strength and would not be strong enough for use in Maglev
trains. Lately, developments in magnet research have found rare
earth-permanent magnets that have a much stronger magnetic field.
These new magnets have become an important part of our everyday life
being used in many everyday applications such as computers, CD players
and mobile phones. It is these high performance magnets that are used
in Maglev trains. The rare earth elements are scandium 21, yttrium 39
and lanthanide's 57-71.
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The principle of a Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) train is that it
floats on a magnetic field and is propelled by a linear induction
motor. They follow guidance tracks with magnets and have been seen to
have great potential in the transport world.
[IMAGE]An example of a maglev train from http://www.newscientist.com
Simple Theory
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... middle of paper ...
...rails.org/tMspages/TPMagIntro.html
Useful site giving me the clear definitions between EDS and EMS as
well as pictures
http://www.transrapid.de/
Used for info and history on German and Chinese projects.
Advancing Physics A2 book.
Used for equations for magnets and information on electromagnets
www.trymegaessays.com
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Used for information of superconductor problems detailed magnet theory
and maglev information. Not written well too confusing.
Physics World magazine
Used for initial info Maglev
Encyclopaedia Britannica 11
Used for small amount of advanced info on magnets. Repulsion picture
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/Levitation/levitation.html
Earnshaw theorem info
The Complete A-Z of Physics handbook
Equations and magnet theory
7 Serway, Raymond A., Robert J. Beichner, and John W. Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Publishing, 2000.
The Baltimore & Ohio railroad (B&O) was the first railroad to electrify part of its tracks, doing so in 1895 (Lecture Notes, 2/19/14). The electric locomotive was faster and cheaper than the steam locomotive, and produced no smoke (Lecture Notes, 2/19/14). This opened up the gates for electric locomotives to replace steam engines on their own tracks. Still, only a few American railroads electrified their lines between 1900 and 1950. Many American railroads failed to electrify their railroads due to the high initial cost and economic conditions, the lack of standardized electrical systems used for the railways, and corporate resistance (Bezilla, 42-47).
Night train packs a punch that will keep you on your toes all night long. Raunchy riffs, dual guitar harmonies and a performance that will never fail to amuse you to say the least. Providing a mixture of country/blues/classic rock and funk, no matter how old or young you are, night train give you a bang for your buck and the performance of lifetime. Night Train consists of two accomplished artists who have worked in bands and as solo artists; both multi-instrumentalists adding a whole new dynamic to their musical performances. Having travelled the country touring, recording and gigging, both members of the duo are seasoned professionals that are a guaranteed asset to any given venue.
The world of Model Train Building has grown greatly with the aid of computers and technology to enhance the fun of building. Technology has long been a part of Model Train building with the adding of lights, bells, and whistles to capture your interest and imagination. But with the latest generation of building comes the influx of technology and the computer. The computer brings along a new breed of builders who plan track layout, buy parts on the Internet, receive updated news, and chat with other enthusiast.
In the essay the “train switch dilemma” a single train car is rushing toward a group of five unknowing workers who cannot hear the train approaching. Another train worker (Alex) who is working at his summer job sees the train headed for the five workers but notices a rail switch which if pulled will divert the train to a different track, however if the rail switch lever is pulled it will kill the lone person working there. The rail switch presents the following moral dilemma: do nothing and five people die, or flip the switch and one person dies. In this essay, I will show why Alex should not pull the rail switch lever; that by doing so would be morally wrong. Making a choice that results in the intentional killing of one person is not the
The civil rights movement was a period during the 1960s where African Americans fought for social, educational, and political equality in a society that had degraded them for centuries. Demonstrations, marches, strikes, and protests all took place during the struggle for equal rights in the black community, and it was during the 1960s that African Americans began strongly push for voting rights while seeking to hold political positions and pressing for the integration of schools. This ultimately led to more social, educational, and political equality for African Americans in Memphis.
During the late 1970's, the world of diagnostic imaging changed drastically due to the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, also known as MRI. For over 30 years, they have grown to become one of the most significant imaging modalities found in the hospitals and clinics ("EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND FACULTY INFORMATION"). During its ancient days, these machines were referred to as NMRI machines or, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging.” The term “nuclear” comes from the fact that the machine has the capability of imaging an atom's nucleus. Eventually, the term was dropped and replaced with just MRI, because “nuclear” did not sit well with the public view ("EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES AND FACULTY INFORMATION"). Many people interpreted the machine to produce an excess amount of radiation in comparison to the traditional X-ray machine. What many of them were unaware of, MRI does not disperse a single ounce of ionizing radiation making it one of the safest diagnostic imaging machine available to this date. MRI machines actually use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce high quality images consisting of precise details that cannot be seen on CT (Computed Tomography) or X-ray. The MRI magnet is capable of fabricating large and stable magnetic fields making it the most important and biggest component of MRI. The magnet in an MRI machine is measured on a unit called Tesla. While regular magnets commonly use a unit called gauss (1 Tesla = 10,000 gauss). Compared to Earth's magnetic field (0.5 gauss), the magnet in MRI is about 0.5 to 3.0 tesla range meaning it is immensely strong. The powerful magnetic fields of the machine has the ability to pull on any iron-containing objects and may cause them to abruptly move with great for...
“A roller coaster is essentially a gravity-powered train (2).” Gravity is the weakest of the four physical forces, but when it comes to roller coasters, it is the dominant one. It is the driving force and what accelerates the train through all the turns and twists. Gravity is what applies a constant downward force on the cars. The deceleration or acceleration mostly depends on the inclination of the angle relative to the ground. The steeper the slope is, the greater the acceleration, and vice versa.
The relationship between electricity and magnetism is that each phenomenon generates a field. Electric fields can be pictured by thinking in terms of gravitational forces. Where, any two objects have a gravitational force on one another. Any two electric charges have a force between them (either repelling, or attracting depending on polarity). These electric fields are vector forces, with size and direction at each point in space....
Serway, Raymond A, and Robert J Beichner. Physics: For Scientists and Engineers. United States of
Magnets are stones that produce magnetic fields. The magnetic field is invisible, but is responsible for the most noticeable aspect of a magnet: the attraction of a metal object or the repulsion of another magnet. Magnets are used in common everyday household items: credit cards, TVs, speakers, motors, and compasses. A magnets strength is measured by its magnetic moment. (“Magnetism”)
The development of superconductors has been a working progress for many years and some superconductors are already in use, but there is always room for improvement. In 1911, Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first discovered superconductivity when he cooled mercury to 4 degrees K (-452.47º F / -269.15º C). At this temperature, mercury’s resistance to electricity seemed to disappear. Hence, it was necessary for Onnes to come within 4 degrees of the coldest temperature that is theoretically attainable to witness the phenomenon of superconductivity. Later, in 1933 Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that a superconducting material will repel a magnetic field. A magnet moving by a conductor induces currents in the conductor, which is the principle upon which the electric generator operates. However, in a superconductor the induced currents exactly mirror the field that would have otherwise penetrated the superconducting material - causing the magnet to be repulsed- known today as the “Meissner effect.” The Meissner effect is so strong that a magnet can actually be levitated over a superconductive material, which increases the use of superconductors. After many other superconducting elements, compounds, and theories related to superconductivity were developed or discovered a great breakthrough was made. In 1986, Alex Muller and Georg Bednorz invented a ceramic substance which superconducted at the highest temperature then known: 30 K (-243.15º C). This discovery was remarkable because ceramics are normally insulators – they do not conduct electricity well. Since their discovery the highest temperature for superconductivity to occur is 138 K (-130.15º C).
Electric currents produce magnetic fields, they can be as small as macroscopic currents in wires, or microscopic currents in atomic orbits caused by electrons. The magnetic field B is described in terms of force on a moving charge in the Lorentz force law. The relationship of magnetic field and charges leads to many practical applications. Magnetic field sources are dipolar in nature, with a north and south magnetic pole. The magnetic field SI unit is the Tesla, it can be seen in the magnetic part of the Lorentz force law F magnetic = qvB composed of (Newton x second)/(Coulomb x meter). The smaller magnetic field unit is the
Rail transportation is a transportation in which for movement of people and goods which from one location to another destination. Rail had been takes the important role in physical and economic development of town and cities in a country and it was developed over the world. Rail transport can be made a property value in a country increase and it must be needs improvement in transportation network expanding (Goldberg, 1970). Thus, the railway services need to be done with continuous improvement and it is important to the rail passengers of the range and quality of facilities and service on stations and trains (Gleave, S. D., 2000). The future development to a public transportation is a key to affect
Usually magnetic fields are created when an electric current is applied to a set of conductive wires wound together (Dixon, 2001). Magnetic fields can also be created using Permanent Magnets (PM). Electrical motors can also work as electrical generators (Correla, 1986). Electrical generators are devices capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. An example would be a wind turbine which works as an electrical generator.