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Macroeconomics rebiew
The Role of Monetary Policy
The Role of Monetary Policy
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Macroeconomics
IS-LM Basics
A) The IS curve slopes downward and to the right.
B) The LM curve slopes upward and to the right.
C) The slope of the LM curve depends on the interest sensitivity of money demand. An elastic money demand function caused the LM curve to be relatively flat. An inelastic money demand function caused the LM curve to be steep.
D) The slope of the IS curve depends on the slope of the investment function. If investment is highly interest elastic, then the IS curve is relatively flat. If investment is not highly interest elastic, then the IS curve is very steep.
E) The quantity of money and shifts in money demand at given levels of income and interest rates will shift the position of the LM curve.
F) Government expenditures, tax increases, and autonomous investment expenditures shift the position of the IS curve.
Transaction Demand – Money is a medium of exchange and individuals hold money for use in transactions. Money bridges the gap between the receipt of income and eventual expenditures.
Precautionary Demand – Keynes believed that, in addition to the money people held for planned transactions, more money was held for unexpected expenditures that were at times necessary. Money would be held for emergencies, to pay unexpected medical bills or repair bills of various types.
Speculative Demand – Money held by those speculating on future changes in the interest rate and the relationship the interest rate had with the level of bond prices.
Keynes’ Money Demand Function
Md = Co + (C1 x Y) + (C2 x R) , C1 * 0 , C2 * 0
A rise in income increases money demand, a rise in the interest rate leads to a fill in money demand.
Md = Money Demand
Y = Income
R = Interest Rate
C = Parameter (Holds no economic value)
Transaction Demand - Dependent positively on the level of income.
Precautionary Demand - Keynes believed that the amount of money held for this purpose depends positively on income. The interest rate might be a factor if people tended to economize on the amount of money held for the precautionary motive as interest rates rose.
...re options, and the penalization of millions of Americans who are already on private healthcare plans. Time will reveal whether or not the Affordable Care Act proves a success or a failure.
...come worse off. That is due to the reason that an increase in the level of interest rate leads to a relatively smaller current consumption, since borrowing from the future is not the ideal solution because it has become more expensive than before. Generally for a borrower current consumption always falls while savings rise.
Keynes and Hayek each approach the economy from a different perspective. In Keynes’ estimation, it is all about the flow of money. The economy is improving when money is moving, and thus, stability is achieved as much as is possible. Consequently, spending, and more specifically government spending, is the key to unlock the door blocking economic growth. By contrast, Hayek contends that money is not everything. What the money is used for, whether it be saved, invested, loaned, or spent, also plays an important role in the progression of the economy. Growth comes from saving and investing not consumption and spending. The stability of the economy, according to Hayek, is brought about by the forces of supply and demand.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted in 2010 and was designed to insure millions of people, who did not have health insurance, reduce out-of-pocket expenses for families and reduce costs for small businesses. In essences, when enrollment opens in 2013, the ACA law will target the 42 million Americans that according to a Census Bureau Survey are uninsured (Klein, 2014). Indeed, Obama Care from a utilitarian point of view is a huge improvement in medical services to a larger proportion of the population, that prior to this law did not have insurance available to them, including improved availability of health care services and reigning in out of control insurance companies.
Cochran and Glahe 69. John Maynard Keynes classical approach to economics and the business cycle has dominated society, especially the United States. His idea was that government intervention was necessary in a properly functioning economy. One economic author, John Edward King, claimed of the theory that: Keynes believed that “most economic activity results from rational economic motivations – but also that much economic activity is governed by animal spirits.... ...
Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Theda Skocpol. Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.
Delaney, Bill. "Columbus Day, A Tribute to a Racist Killer." Oppression.org. Oppression, 9 Oct. 2000. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. .
The problem with balancing an economy is that human judgment and evaluation of economic situations enter into the equation. Establishing a constant growth level in the money supply would eliminate the decision making process of the central banker. The problem with human intervention is the short-sided nature of many of the policies designed to aid the economy. Such interventions, which yields unintended negative consequences, is the result of the time inconsistency problem. This problem is understood through situations during which central bankers conduct monetary policy in a discretionary way and pursue expansionary policies that are attractive in the short-run, but lead to detrimental long-run outcomes. Friedman believes that by leaving money growth decisions to an individual, the results are poor long-run management and eventually high inflation rates, an obvious detriment to the economy.
demand for funds quickly became powerful and widespread. During these periods of high demand, banks from across the nation called on the central banks to supply the funds (Federal Reserve System 5th ed pp. 10-11).
When decisions bases on a consumers finances have following consequences further than the near future, then an individuals' success economically could depend on the ability they have to foresee the upcoming rate of inflation. according to statistics, higher expectations for inflation were reported by females who were poorer, they were single and they were less educated. More specifically, higher expectations for inflation were reported by people who focused more-so with how they can cover future purchases and expenses and the prices they will pay, and by ones who have lower knowledge on financial literacy.
The Affordable Care Act gives health insurance to the individuals in need while simultaneously taking away the rights of those who currently are protected. Statistics on the Obamacare website show that only 15% of American’s are currently uninsured (How Does Obama Care Work?) which leaves a whole 85% of American’s who will not benefit from this Act due to their current insurance prices rising. Pr...
It is the role of every government to safeguard its people in all matters including controlling the economy. Every economy faces different challenges including the business cycles that may emanate from the global market. In this paper we try to examine measures taken by the UK’s coalition government in trying to ensure that the economy benefits every citizen and reduces the overall burden to it. We consider the recent comprehensive review on spending.
In contrast, the Keynesian Economic Theory was presented in the 1930's, during the Great Depression, by a man named John Maynard Keynes (Classical vs. Keynesian). It relies on spending and aggregate demand which makes this theory demand driven. These economists believe that aggregate demand is influenced by public and private decisions. The public means the government, and the private means individuals and businesses. Aggregate demand sometimes affects production, employment, and inflation. When the economy starts to slack, they rely on the government to build it back up.
Distinguish clearly between the Income and the Substitution Effects of a change in the Price of a Good. Under what Conditions will the Income Effect and the Substitution Effect act in Opposite Directions?
For commodity price, the demand and supply are directly contributing to the price volatility. The changes in interest rates and exchange rates are significant influence for commodity output and it also has impact on the commodity prices (Dornbusch 1976). For example, based on the equation of AD=C+I+G+NX. If the government expenditure increases, it will tend to