MIDI for beginners
Background
The acronym MIDI stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface. A
Musical Instrument is a machine that makes sounds which humans have
decided to call music. Digital means information that is encoded in
numerical form, i.e. numbers, while Interface means a machine which
facilitates communication between two or more systems.
In practical terms, MIDI is a standard way for all sorts of modern
musical equipment to talk to each other. This equipment commonly
consists of things like keyboards, computer sequencers, synthesisers,
and samplers, but it also includes mixers, tape recorders, effects
generators, guitars, drum kits, wind instruments etc.
The MIDI Standard was designed in the early 80's by a partnership
between Roland and Sequential Circuits, two of the largest synthesiser
manufactures of the time. This came about because of pressure from
keyboard players, who wanted a universal interface standard for all
their synthesisers to comply to. They were fed up with different
synthesiser corporations using their own communications standard which
were incompatible with those of other corporations.
After the publication of the MIDI standard in 1984, other musical
equipment manufactures quickly began to implement it in the designs of
their products and MIDI became a world wide standard.
A major advantage of MIDI over old analogue interface standards, such
as CV (Control Voltage), is that it is possible to transfer up to
sixteen channels of data down one cable, as opposed to CV's one
channel per cable.
Another major advantage of MIDI is that it enables computers equipped
with MIDI to be used to write music and control musical equipment.
This is done with programs called sequencers. They can give a very
high degree of control over music, impossible through conventional
means.
Another advantage of MIDI is that it is now a world wide standard,
insuring that practically all professional electronic music equipment
will be compatible with it.
Having sixteen channels to transfer MIDI data can also be a limitation
when you want to use more than sixteen channels. However, this problem
can be got around by using two or more midi interfaces each giving
sixteen channels.
Another limitation of MIDI is that you can not use it to transfer real
time digital audio.
MIDI information is transferred by sending a digital signal down a
wire from one system to another. This digital data takes the form of
binary numbers, physically transferred by sending zero volts for zero
or off and plus five volts for one or on.
Certain binary numbers convey certain types of information, for
example a certain binary number will tell the device that a note on a
keyboard has been pressed. This is called a note on event and the
Stop and Frisk is a practice that was put into play by which a police officer initiates a stop of an individual on the street supposedly based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity “Stop and frisk” and other discriminatory policing practices have spiraled out of control.
The judicial system in America has always endured much skepticism as to whether or not there is racial profiling amongst arrests. The stop and frisk policy of the NYPD has caused much controversy and publicity since being applied because of the clear racial disparity in stops. Now the question remains; Are cops being racially biased when choosing whom to stop or are they just targeting “high crime” neighborhoods, thus choosing minorities by default? This paper will examine the history behind stop and frisk policies. Along with referenced facts about the Stop and Frisk Policy, this paper will include and discuss methods and findings of my own personal field research.
At the core of the stop and frisk policy as utilized by the New York Police Department is racial profiling. Racial profiling has a significant and often controversial place in the history of policing in the United States. Racial profiling can be loosely defined as the use of race as a key determinant in law enforcement decisions to stop, interrogate, and/or detain citizens (Weitzer & Tuch, 2002). Laws in the United States have helped to procure and ensure race based decisions in law enforcement. Historically, the Supreme Court has handed down decisions which increase the scope of discretion of a law enforcement officer. For example, traffic stops can be used to look for evidence even though the officer has not observed any criminal violation (Harris, 2003). Proponent's for racial profiling reason that racial profiling is a crime fighting tool that does treat racial/ethnic groups as potential criminal suspects based on the assumption that by doing so increases the chances of catching criminals (Harris, 2003). Also, it is important to note, law enforcement officers only need reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk, probable cause is not required as in other circumstances (Harris, 2003). It is because of this assumption that the New York Police Department’s stop and frisk policy is still a relevant issue.
Rengifo & Slocum (2016) concentrated on community policing procedure that was implemented in New York City known as “Stop-and Frisk,” also known as “Terry Stop.” Stop-and Frisk” was a method that was implemented by the New York City Police Department in which an officer stops a pedestrian and asked them a question, and then frisks them for any weapon or contraband. The data for this study was collected from 2005-2006 from an administrative area known as Community District1 in South Bronx, New York. This area is composed of the following neighborhoods: Melrose, Pork Morris, and Mott Haven. Majority of the population in this
There many levels of intrusion when it comes to stop and frisk. The first level of intrusion is a method to request evidence, allowable only when there is an objective believable reason for an intervention. Police do not necessarily need to suspect criminal activity. The second level of intrusion is known as the common-law right to inquire and is permissible only when the officer has a founded suspicion that criminal activity is afoot. This is a larger intrusion since the officer can interfere with a citizen in an effort to gain explanatory information. However, at this level the intrusion must fall short of a forcible search. The third level of intrusion is sanctioned when an officer has a reasonable suspicion that a particular person has committed, or is about to commit an offense or misdemeanor. At this level, an officer is also authorized to make a forcible stop and detain the citizen for questioning. Furthermore, an ...
Stop and Frisk is a procedure put into use by the New York Police Department that allows an officer to stop and search a “suspicious character” if they consider her or him to be. The NYPD don’t need a warrant, or see you commit a crime. Officers solely need to regard you as “suspicious” to violate your fourth amendment rights without consequences. Since its Beginning, New York City’s stop and frisk program has brought in much controversy originating from the excessive rate of arrest. While the argument that Stop and Frisk violates an individual’s fourth amendment rights of protection from unreasonable search and seizure could definitely be said, that argument it’s similar to the argument of discrimination. An unfair number of Hispanics and
The New York City Police Department enacted a stop and frisk program was enacted to ensure the safety of pedestrians and the safety of the entire city. Stop and frisk is a practice which police officers stop and question hundreds of thousands of pedestrians annually, and frisk them for weapons and other contraband. Those who are found to be carrying any weapons or illegal substances are placed under arrest, taken to the station for booking, and if needed given a summons to appear in front of a judge at a later date. The NYPD’s rules for stop and frisk are based on the United States Supreme Courts decision in Terry v. Ohio. The ruling in Terry v. Ohio held that search and seizure, under the Fourth Amendment, is not violated when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him or her without probable cause to arrest. If the police officer has a “reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime” and has a reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and presently dangerous”, an arrest is justified (Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, at 30).
The stop-and-frisk policy could be considered a big controversy facing New York in recent times. The whole concept behind this stopping-and-frisking is the police officer, with reasonable suspicion of some crime committed or about to be committed, stops a pedestrian, questions them, then if needed frisks the person. This policy started gaining public attention back in 1968 from the Terry v. Ohio case. A police officer saw the three men casing a store and he believed they were going to rob the store; this led to him stopping and frisking them. After frisking them, he found a pistol and took the weapon from the men. The men then cried foul and claimed they were unconstitutionally targeted and frisked.
The fourth chapter, “Music on the Brain: Imagery and Imagination,” covers imagery as it resides in individuals. Sacks brings up his own parents to demonstrate that not every person has equal potential to posses imagery. In this sense, he basically says his father did and his mother did not. But musicians and those skilled within the field, were very talented at this trait. He begins talking about composers and examines how they interpret music. Beethoven’s creative process is used as an example because he is deaf. Due to the fact that he was not able to experience external music, he was forced to be more abstract and use his imagination. Sacks personal relationship is best described as a gift that few are given. He is able to hear music play
Electrical engineering is a field that majorly involves the use of technology in the designing, developing, and testing electrical devices. Majors in electrical engineering focuses on the physics of electricity and magnetism, analysis and design tools of engineering, and circuits and system mathematics. If one takes a course in engineering, they are trained on how to design and make products, which are safe and can enhance human life. This course is not popular to many for it is very demanding and involving; therefore many beginners feel that they are not prepared. As a result, many joining the course find it challenging hence a large number end up dropping (Dan, 55). In order to solve such issues, the idea of using of concepts from popular disciplines like music in engineering was adopted.
34 years ago the MIDI was created and changed the world of music. MIDI stands for “Musical Instrument Digital Interface” and has completely changed how we make music today. The MIDI also lead to people being able to have their own home studio and work on music from home. With this technology you no longer have to have to pay a lot of money to record your song in a full studio. You can do it all from home and save a lot of money. No longer do you need a piano and a drumset or even guitars, strings. None of that. You can do it all from a MIDI board. In fact you can write a whole song just with one MIDI board. MIDI revolutionized the music industry and will remain a huge part in writing music for a long time. (Bateman, Tom)
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