Micropropagation is the production of new plants under the ultracontrolled environment with in the culture vessel (test tube).commercial propagation (Hartman and Zimmerman, 1999) began in the United States in 1995 with orchid production. In the last quarter of the 20th century, commercial propagation emerged as an important method for propagating horticultural plants. In 1997, it was estimated that the world wide production of plants produced through micropropagation reached $ 15 billion dollars (Suman, 1997). In the United States, there are approximately 100 tissue culture laboratories. Producing more than 100million plants per year (Hartman and Zimmerman, 1999). However, this is still a small quantity compared with other forms of propagation such as seeds or cuttings. Demand for micro propagated plants is high, but production is limited because of high labour costs interestingly, micropagation developed countries appears to have leveled off since the late 1980s primary due to labour costs. In contrasts, production in developing countries is increasing rapidly. For example, in India it is estimated that $5million of micro propagated plants were produced in 1988. This increased to $90 million by 1998 (Suman et.al, 1997). The increase is a reflection the lower cost of production in these countries and a demand for large quantities of disease free propagules. The other interesting contrast is that in the United States more than 80 percent of current production is for ornamental crops, while in developing countries the focus is on food, fiber and forestry, and medicinal crops. Expect developing countries to use these tissue culture facilities to exploit the demand for ornamental crops in developed co...
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Modern biotechnology was born at the hands of American scientists Herb Boyer and Stain Cohen, when they developed “recombinant deoxyribonucleotide, (rDNA), [1] for medicinal purposes. Subsequently, biotechnologists started genetically engineering agricultural plants using this technology. A single gene responsible for a certain trait, from one organism (usually a bacterium) is selected altered and then ‘spliced” into the DNA of a plant to create an agricultural crop consisting of that...
Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Columbia ecotype suspension- cultured T87 cells were maintained at 22°C in JPL3 medium with continuous illumination and shaking at 100g. Two-week-old cells were sieved through 500 μm stainless mesh and the remaining filtrate was transferred to a flask containing 20 ml of fresh JPL3 medium for subculture.
The article was talked about the science behind hot peppers like that of the Naga King Chili. Capsaicin can be very hot and intolerable, and even harmful to the human body. The tolerability to hotness of chilies is due to environment more than genetics. Just like lecture, we learned that a trait (phenotype) is the product of genetics and environment. Sometimes, like the case of capsaicin tolerance, environment can have a greater effect on the outcome than genetics do. Also, different growing conditions of a fruit can cause the fruit to taste different. Genetic engineering can be used to alter a fruit’s ability to survive different growing conditions and can make a fruit, such as superhot chilies, more tolerable for the general public. This can increase consumptions of different kinds of food.
Any organism that is genetically modified can be defined as a transgenic organism. The two main benefits of transgenic plants are that they can help increase yields without having to select against bad plants, and they can be resistant to toxins. In order to create a transgenic plant DNA ...
Many seemingly unrelated factors might determine the ability of a specific tissue to regenerate into shoots and roots. Among them, mineral nutrients, plant growth regulators and environmental factors are critical. All ready standardized media for somatic embryogenesis and regeneration adopted to carry out regeneration round study. The medium consisted of macronutrients, micro nutrients, Fe-EDTA, vitamins, amino acids, sucrose/maltose, agar and plant growth regulators (auxins and cytokines). Coconut Water (CW) was used as organic additives in regeneration experiments. This was collected from tender nuts, filtered through Whatman filter paper (3 mm) and added in medium before autoclaving.
The cultures were maintained at 25±20C under 16 hr illumination of 4000 lux intensity. The results are presented in Table 1, it can be seen from the data that pH of the medium had significant effect not only on regeneration frequency but also on number of shoots developed in each culture. Maximum 62.5±4.7 percent cultures in CoS 98259 and 67.3±4.9 percent in CoS 767 developed shoots at pH 6.0 while regeneration frequency was the lowest at pH 5.6. An increase in pH form 6.0 to 6.2 and 6.4 reduced the frequency of shoot regeneration from the callus (Table
Every day, new worries arise concerning over-population and the future of earth. People are afraid of starvation and endemic diseases. The problem with present food production is not of land shortage, but of yields too low to feed a doubled world population. Plant geneticists are creating hybrid plants that have higher yields and more resistance to unwanted and harmful organisms. Even with the new plants, pesticides must be applied to reap the hybrid's full potential.
...ince, there is a need to use for advanced novel methods of culturing plant to furnish new means for quickly propagating,conserving of endangered species and also introducing exotic plants. The production of high quality planting material of exotic nature propagated from vegetative parts through tissue culture has created new opportunities in global trading. The exotic plants are advantageous for farmers;growers; nursery owners & rural employment. As exotic plants are restricted to their natural environment; the main benefit of tissue culture technology lies on production of high quality & uniform planting material that can be multiplied on a year round basis. The plant selected for such purpose is Stevia rabuadiana Bertoni. Objectives of study:
Tissue culture allows for the growth of a plant without the use of seeds or pollination.
Cloning is asexual reproduction. Cuttings are taken from a mother plant in vegatative growth, and rooted in hydroponic medium to be grown as a separate plant. The offspring will be plants that are identical to the parent plant.
Wheat is grown around the world more than any other crop, and the production of wheat is second to corn. Even though the wheat technology has not been up to other crops’ research and development, wheat has still been a main contender of world production of grain(Spiegel, 2013). In the 1930 the US started a hybrid wheat program that made no progress in 30 years. But in 1962, the program started to make some progress by creating the first cytoplasmic male sterility. Cytoplasmic male sterility is the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Then in 1973 the first Chemical Hybridization Agent was produced by Rohm and Haas, and American chemical firm. This agent creates a sterilized male plant, and the pollination from another plant makes it a hybrid. In 1981 hybrid wheat was first marketed in the United States and in Australia. In 1982 Monsanto launched a wheat program off of the Agent GENISIS. GENESIS is important because its the first effective wheat hybrid on the market. In 1993 the first commercial hybrids were introduced to the US and France. They were known as CROISOR and GENESIS which came out again in the commercial market. Even though the wheat hybrids were commercialized, they were not popular among the farmers of this age.
Asexual propagation is the process through which reproduction without passage through the seed cycle occurs. The advantages of asexual propagation are that it preserves genetic makeup, propagates seedless plants, disease control, rapid production, the plants are identical, cheaper, faster and easier reducing or avoiding juvenility. The disadvantages of asexual propagation are that it increases disease and insect susceptibility, plants are bulky, and the mother plants could become contaminated. The goal of this experiment was to determine the development of adventitious roots and shoots, and observe these plants over a period of five weeks. Due to auxin being produced in the tip, tip cuttings should root faster than any other cuttings. Auxin is a plant hormone that is responsible for cell elongation and enlargement, root formation, and growth. There are two forms of auxins; phototropism, which is produced in the tip and moves downward on the side away from the light and gravitropism, which is where plant roots grow downward and plant shoots grow upward.(Plant Auxin 201...
In this experiment, lipids from ground nutmeg are extracted using a combination of solvents and identify the lipids through chromatography. The purpose of using solvent combinations is to elute the lipids based on their polarity to binding of the silica gel. The chromatography is performed on a silica gel plate and the use of iodine to visualize the lipids. By calculating the Rf values for each compound and comparing them to the known lipids, we are able to distinguish the lipids within the grounded nutmeg.
Genetic engineering enhances plant resistance to drought, salinity, disease, pests and herbicides. The aim is to try and enhance the growth, productivity, nutrient value, and chemical composition of the plants. Chemicals are constantly being developed or improved to enhance the competitiveness and adaptability of crops, and to kill the parasites and weeds which plague the agricultural sector. . This however is not always good as the plant and the pests then become resistant to these new chemicals defeating the purpose of it being used. The new chemicals which are produced to kill these strong pests and weeds may be more harmful to other plants and remove nutrients within the soil in turn reducing the yield of agricultural crops. The benefits of these characteristics are seen in Argentina according to Pelletier (2010) as they use glyphosphate resistant soybean which allowed the comeback of this crop, as the so...
This lesson is designed to review and reinforce a few important concepts about plants (e.g. Needs, parts, sequence of planting) and to also guide the students through applying a few scientific inquiry (e.g. Making observations, experimentation, discussion, reflection, reporting results etc.). The students have previously planted corn and bean seeds and today’s lesson has provided the students a chance to see the results of the planted corn and bean seeds. Additionally, seeds have been planted under and growing under the following conditions: without water, and without soil. The students see the results of these seeds planted under these conditions for the past week. Two plants in particular have already been grown their growth has been