Lyndon Johnson and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution
The official rhetoric of Lyndon Johnson’s administration
portrayed the Gulf of Tonkin incident as an unprovoked and malicious
attack on U.S. ships by the armed forces of North Vietnam, as a
result of which the President needed the power to deal militarily
with the North Vietnamese. The Gulf of Tonkin incident explicitly
encompasses military actions on August 2, and alleged actions on
August 4, 1964, between North Vietnamese torpedo patrol boats and
United States destroyers and aircraft off the coast of North Vietnam.
President Johnson and many top administration officials declared that
the United States was innocent of any aggressive offensive maneuvers
against the North Vietnamese, and that the attack on two U.S. destroyers
was an unexpected slap in the face. In reality, however, the opposite
of the administration’s claims was true. Through a period of years,
and especially throughout the nine months prior to the incident in the
Gulf of Tonkin, there was thick and constant U.S. involvement with
the South Vietnamese, who conducted many joint offensive operations
against North Vietnam.
This paper will show just how intensely the United States was
involved in covert military action against North Vietnam in the ninemonth
period (Lyndon Johnson’s first nine months as President) leading
up to the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Further, it will demonstrate that
the second alleged attack (August 4) by the North Vietnamese in the
Gulf of Tonkin never occurred, but was fictionalized by the Johnson
administration in order to ask Congress to give the President the
authority to conduct overt military operations against North Vietnam.
The idea for the Tonkin Gulf Resoluti...
... middle of paper ...
...Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf
Incident, “Naval History, August 1999,” Annapolis MD: U.S. Naval
Institute, 2002, <http://www.usni.org/navalhistory/Articles99/
NHandrade.htm> (5 December 2002).
8 The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident.
9 Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2.
10 Ibid., 3.
11 Ibid., 5, 6.
12 Ibid., 5.
13 National Security Action Memorandum No. 280, Lyndon Baines Johnson
Library and Museum-National Archives and Records Administration,
<http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/NSAMs/
nsam280.asp> (5 December 2002).
14 Ibid.
15 Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 6.
16 Ibid., 6.
17 Ibid., 6. Emphasis mine.
18 George C. Herring, The Pentagon Papers-Abridged Edition (New York:
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1993), 94.
19 Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2.
Eyeball to Eyeball: America, Cuba and The Soviet Union America and The Soviets again using other countries for their own warfare
...nclusion, we can clearly see that the theme of social class has greatly affected the course of this novel by transforming Heathcliff’s relationship between Hindley, Catherine and Nelly. Hindley drowned Heathcliff’s social status, which altered their brotherly relationship into a worse state of dispute. Due to Hindley’s influence on Heathcliff’s “class”, Catherine drifted away from him, which caused Heathcliff a lot of misery and pain. Soon after a change in Heathcliff’s behavior, he became cruel towards Nelly and looked down on her after gaining status and becoming superior to her. Social status had a major influence in character relationships and the course of the story which took place in the eighteen hundreds. But up till today it still impacts relationships between individuals of the world. People must learn not to judge other’s based on their current position.
The distinct disparity between the poor and rich “twists” the society and oppresses people’s liberty. According to a Marxian view, indeed, the coolness of society has the ability to transform one into a beast. Undeniably, Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights illustrates how Mr. Earnshaw brought young Heathcliff back to live with him at Wuthering Heights, where Heathcliff meets Catherine and Hindley. As Catherine and Heathcliff slowly developed a sense of affection towards each other, yet, Hindley shows his strong dislike towards Heathcliff. After Mr. Earnshaw’s death, Hindley forbids Catherine and Heathcliff to have any contact. He will often humiliate and abuse Heathcliff to satisfy his own frustrations. Catherine encounters Edgar Linton a wealthy,
Martha Graham was born in Allegheny City, May 11th 1984. Graham was an American modern dancer and choreographer who is referred to as a modern dance pioneer. She danced and choreographed for over seventy years and she had a great influence on modern dance history. In the mid 1910’s Graham began studying dance at Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts, and she stayed there until 1923. At Denishawn she spent more than eight years as both a dancer and teacher/instructor. In 1926, shortly after leaving Denishawn, Graham established her own dance company which focused on teaching her techniques. Graham’s success, both through personal achievements and choreographic influence revolutionized the dance world.
against insurgents in Malaya, it didn’t work in Vietnam. The peasants resented being forced from their ancestral lands, and consolidating them gave the VC better targets. The program, which had been poorly managed, was abandoned after about two years, following the coup that deposed Diem” (HistoryNet).
Mille, Agnes de and Helene Oblensky. American Dances. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1980.
Anchor: Welcome back, before the break we talked about raising the stakes which included Lyndon B. Johnson who was the president at the time as well as the Gulf of Tonkin resolution. The Gulf of Tonkin was a resolution that allowed the president to have power over Vietnam without congressional approval but with the War Powers act, it turned the Gulf of Tonkin around. Today we will be talking about protests. One of the most famous protests was the Kent State University one because the National guard was called in and then one of the guards shot four people and killed them and injured five more. We also be talking about the Pentagon Papers which when the papers were released, the president tried to block them but that damaged the reputation
Heathcliff is an individual whose existence surrounded around loss and adjustment. Bronte utilizes juxtaposition to add to the complexity of his character. Heathcliff presents himself in a clean, proper manner many years after he was first discovered. This image juxtaposes heavily with his true intentions. On the outside he appears to be a trustworthy man, although he is actually devilish in nature. After the death of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley takes complete control over the lives of Heathcliff and Catherine. Due to the continuous loss of those around him, he found it hard to trust. From a modern perspective, Heathcliff could be seen as having an obsessive disorder. He gains a relationship with Catherine that quickly delves into a form of obsession. His constant craving for power and attention demonstrates this idea. He becomes upset when she becomes involved with a man other than him. Heathcliff’s obsessive personality is not just displayed in regards to Catherine but also in regards to revenge. Heathcliff’s background has heavily impacted him. His previous abandonment and abuse has led to him feeling entitled to things that are not rightfully his. He can be seen obtaining the land and estate of Hindley and pursuing that of Edgar Linton also. He pursues and obsesses over what he believes would benefit his life the most. This was what drove his destructive desires for revenge. This could be understood as him trying to live a life that he never thought would be possible for
Martha was constantly expanding her dance vocabulary finding significant and dramatic ways of moving. Her earthbound walk a...
A review of the text reveals that there are many definitions of workplace bullying. According to Weidmer (2010), “workplace bullying is “ the repeated, health-harming mistreatment of one or more person’s (the targets) by one or more perpetrators that takes one or more of the following forms: verbal abuse, offensive conduct/ behaviors (including non-verbal) which are threatening, humiliating, or intimidating; and work interference/ sabotage which prevents work from getting done” (p.35).” This definition is helpful as it captures the essential relating to the efforts of the bully.
The network effect is what creates the aspects of a network good. The network effect refers to the fact that the more people use something, the more value it has. There are four main types of network effects: direct, indirect, two-sided and local. Direct network effect is simply defined as increased use means increased value. Indirect network effects refers to complementary goods, stating that the increased use of a good results in the increased production and sales of its complements. An example of this would be a Windows personal computer indirectly spurring the creation and demand for computer security systems such as Norton. Also, in many cases, the price of complementary goods also decrease in these situations. Two-sided network effects refers to an increase in a network good’s use and in turn, the increase of sales of a similar substitute. Finally, local network effects display that when a good is used by an individual’s local group instead of customer base overall, sales and usage increase. Overall, the theory of network goods is relatively new for it applies to technological advances and companies more than any other market.
The basic conflict of the novel that drives Heathcliff and Catherine apart is social. Written after the Industrial Revolution, Wuthering Heights is influenced by the rise of new fortunes and the middle class in England. Money becomes a new criterion to challenge the traditional criterias of class and family in judging a gentleman’s background. Just as Walpole who portrays the tyrannies of the father figure Manfred and the struggles of the Matilda who wants to marry the peasant Theodore, as depicted in the quote “(…) improbability that either father would consent to bestow his heiress on so poor a man, though nobly born”(p. 89), Brontë depicts a brutal bully Hindley who torments Heathcliff and separates Catherine from him. Heathcliff, a gypsy outcast picked u...
It began with Mr. Earnshaw who had brought an orphaned boy called Healthcliff to raise with his children Hindley and Catherine. Catherine and Heathcliff become close, but there remains animosity between Hindley and Heathcliff. Their father figure, also, comes to prefer Heathcliff. Under these conditions, Heathcliff is bullied by Hindley, which breeds ill in both as Heathcliff becomes bitter towards Hindley and Hindley is punished by his father.
In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, Bronte uses the issue of social class to focus in on how an outsider, Heathcliff, is treated when he enters in a new society with a changing class structure to show the idea that class is something that begins with ancestors and current members conform into it is present. At the time, the industrialization of England caused the levees in place to yield to allow for a new middle class. This rise of middle, working class stirs up conflict between the dominant upper class and the rising lower classes. This class conflict, the oppression against the lower classes serves as the basis for Heathcliff’s interactions, treatments, and future tyrannical actions in Wuthering Heights to show the class struggle placed on society by industrialization.
Not only does revenge highlights important events, but also highlights personality flaws. Heathcliff is convinced that Hindley and Catherine are the reason for his loneliness and how he...