Lung Cancer: The Relationship Between Gender, Age, and Ethnicity

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Diagnosed with lung cancer, now what!? Time to do some research. Lung cancer is the number one cause of deaths in males and females. The causes, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer have advanced recently with new technology available to scientists and the medical profession. Lung cancer develops when the cells grow abnormally and tumors form instead of healthy lung tissue.

HINTS stands for the Health Information National Trends Survey. The purpose of HINTS is to collect data about the United States public’s use of cancer-related information. HINTS provides information on the changing patterns, needs, and behavior in seeking and supplying cancer information and explores how cancer risks are perceived. While going over the information presented in HINTS 2007, I found that HINTS had improved its methods from the first (2003) and second time (2005) they conducted this study. They used the dual frame or duel mode method by using Random Digit Dialing (RDD) and also a mail survey by the United States Postal Services.

More specifically, cigarette smoking has been identified as a causal factor for colorectal cancer (HHS, 2014). Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer deaths in the US (HHS, 2014).Studies have shown that smokers are at increased risk for colorectal cancer even after controlling for known risk factors such as family history, alcohol use, and body fat (Zhao et al., 2010; Hannan, Jacobs, & Thun, 2009; Hecht, 2003; Slattery et al., 1997). Regular screening can reduce the number of persons who die from colorectal cancer by at least 60% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). A study was conducted between 2009 and 2013 among 1637persons receiving colorectal screenings. This paper reports quantitative data comparing perceived health status between current smokers, former smokers and never smokers among patients receiving colonoscopy screenings.

Le H, Ziogas A, Lipkin SM, Zell JA. Effects of socioeconomic status and treatment disparities in colorectal cancer survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol 2008;17(8):1950–62.

Zang, E.A., & Wynder, E.L. (1996). Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: Examination of the evidence. Journal of the National Cancer institute, 88 (3/4), 183-192.

Watson, M., Saraiya, M., Ahmed, F., Cardinez, C., Reichman, M., Weir, H., & Richards, T. (2008). Using population-based cancer registry data to assess the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers in the United States: overview of methods. Cancer, 113(10), 2841-2854. doi:10.1002/cncr.23758. World Health Organization. (2013).

Cervical cancer has a major impact on women’s lives; it is the second most common cause of cancer-related diseases and death among women worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), cervical cancer is the cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects the vagina to the upper part of the uterus. Cervical cancer is a slow-growing cancer that may not cause any symptoms at first but may cause pelvic pain or bleeding from the vagina later. It is mostly caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

David and Markman(2003) an extra or abnormal chromosome may increase the risk of cancer for instance, subjects with Down syndrome, who have three instead of the normal two copies of chromosomes ,have higher risk of developing acute cancer. In the fight against cancer, the use of chemicals (chemotherapy) is one of the best methods to destroy or inhibit the growth cancer cells. Chemotherapy can be used to effectively treat extensive (metastatic) cancer, which affects more than one part of the body (metastatic) cancer. This mechanism makes chemotherapy very important for a subject’s battle against cancer as radiation therapy and surgery are appropriate f... ... middle of paper ... ..., H.L. (2007) Pharmacogenomics of cancer chemotherapy-induced toxicity.

Lung cancer is considered to be the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There are approximately about 180,000 cases that are diagnosed in America, considering that 90% dies thru lung cancer alone. Despite of its number, it is the most preventable of all the cancers. Like every cancer it spreads out fast if not taken seriously, this due the abnormal growth of cells. The abnormal cell growth often leads to the formation of tumor.