Luctis Cogitatio and Noctis Reflectio as the Forms of Consciousness and Human Exploration of the World
ABSTRACT: The task of philosophy in the modern world consists in the construction of a methodology of self-consciousness and self-development in the person-the method of human knowledge. I suggest a binary approach to the development of human reason which is able to understand both the world and the place of the person in the world. This allocates two spheres and two forms of consciousness: 'day time' (practical) and 'night' (spiritual). The basic functions of the former are: cognitive-explanatory; service of the practical, economic, and industrial activity; praxis; methodological for engineering and technology; critical-reflecting control of mind; the blocking of 'night' consciousness and the curbing of irrational instincts; safety and preservation; establishment of norms. Functions of the former include elements related to axiology, teleology, creativity, understanding and mythology. Both forms of consciousnesses differ yet supplement each other and should therefore cooperate systematically through a shared educational dialogue.
The fundamental basis of researches in the ontology of consciousness belongs to Plato, I. Kant, G. Hegel, A. Schopenhauer, A. Bergson. The traditions of the "philosophy of life" the author considers to be the most fruitful. Romanticism and neokantiants (H. Rikkert) paid attention to the essential difference between methodology of natural sciences and spiritual sciences. In contemporary researches of the problems of consciousness in Russia the basic attention is being paid to the rational-monosemantic and reflexial forms of consciousness objectivation, and irrational and nonreflexial forms of consciousness are being examined much less, due to their difficult introspection (see: Tugarinov V.P. Philosophy of consciousness. Moscow, 1971; Spirkin A.G. Consciousness and self-consciousness. Moscow, 1972; Iljenkov E. V. The Problem of the Ideal // Question s of Philosophy. Moscow, 1979. # 6-7; Dubrovski D. I. The Problem of the Ideal. Moscow, 1983; Problems of consciousness in modern foreign philosophy. M., 1989). The weak point of such an approach is the unilateral exaggeration of the role of the gnoseological approach to the phenomena of consciousness and underestimation of the methods of evaluation. In Russian philosophy of XIX - XX centuries there were attempts to comprehend the problems of consciousness, correlated to the researches of M. Heidegger and E. Husserl. The specificity of the Russian philosophy is closely connected with fact that Christianity came to the Slavic peoples in their own, related language and they didn't have to learn strange and far ideas of it through the Latin language.
In society, there is a thing called a hero’s journey. It is when our destiny is before us, and with the choices we make, depict our course for the rest of our lives. In the novel The Alchemist by Paulo Coelho and Cinderella Man directed by Ron Howard show how the hero’s journey affects Santiago and Jim Braddock lives.
Brave New World is an unsettling, loveless and even sinister place. This is because Huxley endows his "ideal" society with features calculated to alienate his audience. Typically, reading Brave New World elicits the very same disturbing feelings in the reader which the society it depicts has notionally vanquished - not a sense of joyful anticipation. Huxley's novel presents a startling view of the future which on the surface appears almost comical. His intent, however, is not humor. Huxley's message is dark and depressing. His idea that in centuries to come, a one-world government will rise to power, stripping people's freedom, is not a new idea. What makes Huxley's interpretation different is the fact that his fictional society not only lives in a totalitarian government, but takes an embracive approach like mindless robots. For example, Soma, not nuclear bombs, is the weapon of choice for the World Controllers in Brave New World. The world leaders have realized that fear and intimidation have only limited power; these tactics simply build up resentment in the minds of the oppressed. Subconscious persuasion and mind-altering drugs, on the other hand, appear to have no side effects.
Watching a film, one can easily recognize plot, theme, characterization, etc., but not many realize what basic principle lies behind nearly every story conceived: the hero’s journey. This concept allows for a comprehensive, logical flow throughout a movie. Once the hero’s journey is thoroughly understood, anyone can pick out the elements in nearly every piece. The hero’s journey follows a simple outline. First the hero in question must have a disadvantaged childhood. Next the hero will find a mentor who wisely lays out his/her prophecy. Third the hero will go on a journey, either literal or figurative, to find him/herself. On this journey the hero will be discouraged and nearly quit his/her quest. Finally, the hero will fulfill the prophecy and find his/herself, realizing his/her full potential. This rubric may be easy to spot in epic action films, but if upon close inspection is found in a wide array of genres, some of which are fully surprising.
To fully appreciate the significance of the plot one must fully understand the heroic journey. Joseph Campbell identified the stages of the heroic journey and explains how the movie adheres meticulously to these steps. For example, the first stage of the hero’s journey is the ordinary world (Campbell). At the beginning, the structure dictates that the author should portray the protagonist in their ordinary world, surrounded by ordinary things and doing ordinary tasks so that the author might introduce the reasons that the hero needs the journey in order to develop his or her character or improve his or her life (Vogler 35). The point of this portrayal is to show the audience what the protagonist’s life is currently like and to show what areas of his or her life are conflicted or incomplete. When the call to adventure occurs, the protagonist is swept away into another world, one that is full of adventure, danger, and opportunities to learn what needs to be learned. T...
One’s greed for power blinds their sense of pity for humanity which creates chaos in society because of their ignorance. In the text Danforth explains to Francis Nurse, “But you must understand sir, that a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between” (Miller 94). In this quote Danforth explains to Nurse that a citizen of Salem cannot be against the court’s justice system: One must comply with its rules or else they will be counted as guilty. Danforth claims power over the people through the court and anyone who does not obey his demands will be persecuted which shows that this trial is for himself and not for the town. For the sake of his power, Danforth apprehends innocent individuals who are not compliant thus foreshadowing the misfortunes of uninvolved people who are suspects. Without knowing, Danforth intends to create a disorder in society because of his need for more control, which justifies his inexperience and his abuse of authority. Danforth also tells Nurse, “And do you know that near to four hundred are in the jails from marble head to Lynn, and upon my signature? […] And seventy-two condemned to hang by that signature?” (Miller 87). Here Danforth attempts to intimidate Nurse by bragging with h...
While some chose life and falsely admitted towitchcraft, John Proctor stayed unconvinced by what society dictated(witchcraft) and assumed; that the girls were a manifestation from God. Heattempted to prove the children were making fraudulent claims. Proctor was very much in doubt of witchcraft inSalem. He slowly established that the children were lying in court with respectto their accusations of the townâˆ(tm)s people. Proctor argued that the accusationsgoing on in Salem were not necessarily based on witchcraft, instead, ∜awhores vengeanceâˆ(110). Many people were Gods servants for a very long timeso ∜it was hard to think so pious of a woman/man be secretly a devils b**chafter seventy years of such good prayerâˆ(64). Miller uses this opportunityto show the reader that Proctor, unlike the townâˆ(tm)s people, ∜ is eventempered and not easily led.
It is human nature to question our origins and wonder if we have purpose in this world. Rene Descartes sought to answers these questions by examining himself and God through his Meditations. In Meditation II, Descartes believes his mind is certain because he is able to perceive and understand thoughts. His many questions lead him from one idea of certainty to the next. The explanations of these ideas are clear enough for his argument to be considered true.
Parris and Danforth prioritize their reputations over John Proctor’s actual life. Hale does not care about his good name, but about the lives of the people in Salem and his guilt for partaking in the trials. Like Proctor, Parris, Hale, and Danforth are extremely flawed men. They all make unrighteous decisions that can be selfish. Unlike Proctor, though, these men place their own needs above the needs of the community. John Proctor has lived in Salem all his life and cares for the town and its citizens, whereas Reverend Hale, Reverend Parris, and Danforth are all outsiders to the town. They place themselves above the well-beings of the townspeople for the reason that they do not care if Salem is to be destroyed. Reverend Parris, Reverend Hale, and Deputy Governor Danforth’s yearn of John Proctor’s confession represents they only care for their own self-interests and not about what his confession could do for the town of
Huxley observes in his work, Brave New World that the modern world revolves around technological development. The aspirations and morals of modern society do not entirely rely on social issues such as love, family, and success but rather on industrial progress and social development. According to Huxley, technological improvement and growth are critical factors that shape the operation and activities in modern society. So far, community members need to observe the world as technologically oriented and collective social setting. Instead of being interested in individual social development, modern society is focusing its attention on merging technological transformation and their impact in modern success. In his observation, Huxley states that modern society is quickly surrendering its culture to emerging technological development. Contemporary culture is mainly being characterised by socio-technological status (Huxley 7). Therefore, based on the novels content, it is clear that Huxley’s writing is a dangerous prophesy of technology’s ability to control modern social operations.
Holmes, Thomas. “The hero’s journey: an inquiry-research model. Jun 2007, vol 34 issue 5, p19-22.4p. 1 Diagram
Firstly, throughout the play Judge Danforth acts with pride and arrogance. At the commencement of act III Judge Danforth voices his view on the ongoing phase of the witchcraft trials by stating that “Do you take it upon yourself to determine what this court shall believe and what it shall set aside?” (Miller 85). Here Danforth establishes an ultimatum to Giles Corey when he comes to defend his wife Martha Corey from the accusation of being a witch. Danforth sarcastically questions Giles Corey whether he has the authority to make any decision on the ongoing matter and thereby silences him. He makes it clear that no one else can determine what and how the court should act. In addition, the tone with which he delivers this dialogue is filled with arrogance as displayed by the movie “The crucible”. Overall, the picture profile of Judge Danforth created while saying these lines reveals his pride and haughtiness. Another instance where Judge Danforth reveals this attitude of his is when he snubs Francis Nurse for questioning his judgment and wisdom during the trials. In return Danforth replies “ And do you know that near four hundred are in jail... upon my signature”(Miller 87) and “ seventy-two condemned to hang by that signature?” (Miller 87). These lines show that Judge Danforth is proud of his actions and his power as a judg...
Bisexuals are typically misunderstood, because they do not belong with the homosexual community or the straight community. They are commonly referred to as “fence sitters,” who are not invested in the interests of either community. In The Scientific Quest to Prove Bisexuality Exists, there was an example of a bisexual woman who felt that she could not even come out to the lesbian community at her college. The fact that one sexual orientation minority might actually fear another sexual minority based upon inaccurate stereotypes is a tragedy in the least. The stereotype that bisexual people are untrustworthy, and create a “wild card” of insecurity in a relationship has made them shunned by both gay and straight partners. Bisexuals are often not even taken seriously due to the assumption that they cannot maintain a monogamous relationship. In Bisexuality: The Psychology and Politics of an Invisible Minority, this stereotype was debunked
Second, I examine Descartes intentions, method and product, The Meditations. Following this review, I assert that it is impossible to find a true foundation for knowledge due to the unknown origin of human creation, the element of subjectivity and solipsism and the limitations of knowledge being indubitable. Furthermore, I critically assess that the Cartesian circle and Descartes presumption of God in h...
Every since Plato introduced the idea of dualism thousands of years ago meta-physicians have been faced with the mind-body problem. Even so Plato idea of dualism did not become a major issue of debate in the philosophical world until the seventeenth century when French philosopher Rene Descartes publicized his ideas concerning the mental and physical world. During this paper, I will analyze the issue of individuation and identity in Descartes’ philosophical view of the mind-body dualism. I will first start by explaining the structure of Cartesian dualism. I will also analyze the challenges of individuation and identity as they interact with Descartes. With a bit of luck, subsequently breaking down Descartes’ reasoning and later on offering my response, I can present wit a high degree of confidence that the problems of individuation and identity offer a hindrance to the Cartesians’ principle of mind-body dualism. I give a critical analysis of these two problems, I will first explain the basis of Descartes’ philosophical views.
The Hero’s journey or monomyth is a 12 step cycle that begins and ends in the hero’s ordinary world. The hero goes forward into a world of mystical wonder where they encounter challenges and many small obstacles along the way. The journey ends when the hero returns from their adventure with a strong victory and transformed - nothing is quite the same when you’re a hero. The hero’s journey is predominantly a story of growth and development. This requires the hero to become estranged from their comfortable normal life as they go through a journey of self awareness, responsibility and skill to mature into a new found person. In the early 1950’s Joseph Campbell first noticed this common template amongst many movies and books. Campbell realised this was a