Los problemas de D. Davidson con la acción intencional
ABSTRACT: Es este trabajo quisiera exponer las dificultades que el modelo de explicación de la acción propuesto por Donald Davidson tuvo a la hora de explicar la intención. En su primer modelo, Davidson había explicado la acción a partie de deseo y creencia, éstas no sólo racionalizaban sino que también causaban la acción; y acción e intención se identificaban. Sin embargo, Davidson repara posteriormente en que, por un lado, a veces el deseo y la creencia parecen tener como resultado la acción y, sin embargo, no se da entre ellos la relación causal 'adecuada,' por lo que no podemos decir de la acción que sea intencional. Son casos de cadenas causales irregulares o no estándar. Por otro lado, a veces tener un deseo y una creencia relacionada no nos conduce necesariamente a la acción. Y, aún en el caso de que nos conduzca a la acción, ésta puede ser contraria a lo que nuestro mejor juicio nos dicta. Este es el problema de las conductas irracionales. Ambos problemas causaron que introdujera algunos cambios en su modelo inicial. Sostengo que estos cambios no mejoraron el modelo. El problema de las cadenas causales irregulares no se resuelve, y el problema de las separación entre deseo-creencia y acción se reformula en términos lógicos, mediante un recurso técnico.
En 1963, Donald Davidson publica un artículo "Acciones, razones y causas" que significó la reunificación de dos modelos de explicación tradicionalmente separados: el racionalista, según el cual las razones explican la acción porque la justifican; y el causal, que mantiene que la acción sólo se explica mediante sus causas. El planteamiento de Davidson disuelve esa oposición: "la racionalización [dice Davidson] es una especie de explicación causal ordinaria". (1)
No trataré aquí muchas de las críticas y problemas que suscitó y sigue haciéndolo este planteamiento del tema, como la conexión lógica que hay entre razón y acción o la necesidad de que exista una ley que respalde esa conexión. Mi objetivo es observar si este modelo puede dar cuenta de la intención, de ese momento previo a la acción. Los problemas que el tratamiento de la intención supusieron para el modelo causaron una reformulación de éste. Estos problemas fueron (1) las cadenas causales irregulares o no-estándar (externas o internas); y (2) aquellos casos en los que o bien el deseo no conduce necesariamente a la acción o bien los sujetos actúan en contra de su mejor juicio.
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