Background
Until a few years ago the social sector in Latin American Countries (LAC) including the Republic of Peru characterized for being a scarce source of information for public utility that allows society to do a formal tracing of the processes, achievements and challenges of the social development sector. This established an important restriction for the improvement and progress of social policy and programs due that without information it’s impossible to perform the M&E of public policy, required for transparency, accountability, and the continuous improvement of government’s actions.
It was not until the end of the last century that some international agencies including the ones forming the United Nations (UN) that pioneer a “measurement and tracking” for the development schedule, a point that has been identified as an important lack. Thus was identified that many agencies since decades had been carrying out a minute measurement of some economic indicators, there was little information about the progress of other relevant social dimensions such as poverty, inequality, education, health, environment, etc. This meant enormous limitations to verify social expenditure, the efficacy of policy actions, and the success or failure of the government driven programs.
A major advance in the subject was the poverty measurement annually published by the World Bank since the early 90’s, as well as the reports of human development published annually by the United Nation Development Program (UNDP). The latter classified for first time countries under their income, education and health simultaneously under the Human Development Index (HDI) that allowed to measure welfare beyond the GDP, to include other dimensions viewed as equally or mo...
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... the design and management, the ultimate goal that is “To improve performance” relies also in several factors and elements belonging to the context that are beyond the reach on influence from the action operators.
Therefore the inclusion of the “Contribute” verb implicitly brings on an ambiguity element whereby is accepted that necessarily evaluation will cause an improvement and introduce a cautious element regarding the objectives and scope of evaluations. That is to say, is recognized that the impact of evidence (generated from evaluation areas) is influenced by the context and people in charge of the operation. Therefore under this circumstances it is impossible for the responsible area to achieve an scenario in which the evaluation fulfill the goals and even more, that made it feasible with a worsening in the performance and accountability of social policy.
International Development and the Social Sciences, pp. 259-290. University of California Press,. Rostow, W.W. (1960) “The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.” pp.
"World Bank, World Development Indicators-Google Public Data Explorer." Google. World Bank, World Development Indicators, 28 July 2011. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. .
One of the advantages of globalization on a communal grade is an increased Human Development Index. The Human Development catalogue is a estimation of a country's communal, political, and economical development in comparison to other countries in the world. The Human Development catalogue rates each country with a tally between 0 and 1, with 1 being the most advanced, globalized homeland. components that are engaged in determining a country's HDI are gross household output per capita, life expectancy at birth, mature person scholarly, and the number of persons enrolled in informative organizations. In 1975, Peru's Human Development catalogue was a 0.643. By 2003, the Human Development catalogue had risen more than one tenth to 0.762. The substantial boost of Peru's HDI is a clear indication that globalization has made a affirmative influence. From 1975 until 2003, globalization has caused a 2% boost in the adult literacy rate. throughout the same time time span, the scarcity rate to fallen 6%. Wom...
Poverty in the United States is one of many difficult problems handled today. In 2010, 15.1% of the American population was living below the poverty threshold. But, how did the government calculate the poverty rate? The United States government uses the Orshansky poverty thresholds, which uses family budgets to determine if the family is above or below the poverty threshold. The current United States poverty measure is an absolute, headcount measure using family income as its scale of resources. However, many would agree that the poverty measure is flawed and that the poverty measure overstates how many people are really in poverty. This is a problem because resources government programs uses to help the poor can unevenly distribute. Therefore, I would like to propose a different poverty measure. In this paper, I would like to argue for a poverty intensity measure that is relative, with earnings capacity as the scale of resources and counts the household as the unit of analysis. First, I will discuss more about the flawed U.S. poverty measure; second, I will explain the four components necessary for poverty measures; third, I will make my proposal against the current measure and conclude about the two poverty measures.
Throughout this assignment a variety of terminology will be used, first it is appropriate to define what the term ‘Social Policy’ means. Social policy can be defined in different ways and ‘there is no established or agreed definition of social policy’ (Baldock et, al., 1999:21). From reading different books on social policy, the author’s understanding of social policy is it provides guidelines to deal with social problems . Social problems are matters which direct...
United Nations Development Programme. Poverty Reduction and UNDP. New York: United Nations Development Programme, Jan. 2013. PDF.
When trying to improve productivity for a company, one must first understand what it means to be productive and what it means to not be productive. Jonah classifies that, “I have come to the conclusion that productivity is the act of bringing company closer to its goal. Every action that brings the company closer to its goal is productive. Every action that does not bring a company closer to its goal is not productive” (Goldratt, 32). But when determining on what is productive and not productive, the actual “goal of the company must first be determined. “ If the goal is to make money, then an action that moves us toward making money is productive and an action that takes away from making money is non-productive” (Goldratt, 41). Alex has finally realized what it means for his company to be productive, but the key is to know how to see if the company is meeting the goal that is desired or in this case making money. There are certain measurements that can “ express the goal of making money perfectly well, but which also perm...
The last one is represented as the poorest in economic terms; it is therefore characterized by a high-income inequality between the two opposite classes. However, since the early 2000s, Developing countries like Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe developed their economic resources by a me-dian of 14% every year. In comparison, developed countries including America and Eastern Europe made benefits of only 3% per year (Neiger, 2010). Nonetheless, the gap between the rich and the poor is still considerable and according to Amina Mohammed, evidence was given that the region which will be the most disturbed by the growing income inequality is Asia with 25% (Mohammed, 2014).
The "Finance and Development" IMF. Equality and Efficiency, Sept. 2011. Web. The Web. The Web.
A good performance is always attributed to the planning strategy that a company has. The following are therefore four factors that affect the planning and performance of the company. Management A company that is well managed is successful in most of its activities. Management is said to be the planning and organizing. This is so because good leadership skills oversee the general working of every unit in the organization.
Entering the 21st. Century – World Development Report 1999/2000. World Bank 2000. Oxford University Press. New York, NY 2000.
However, some influential management authors believe that the classical management functions need to be update. Williams (2005, p. 7) updated the management functions and came out with four functions: making things happen; meeting the competition; organizing people, projects and process; and leading. To make things happen, it is essential to determine goals, planning ways to attain the goals, gathering and managing needed information to make superior decisions and also controlling performance to enable corrective action to take place if performance worsens. This function actually combined Fayol’s idea of planning and controlling. The thought of determining things to accomplish and developing plans to achieve goals is similar to function of planning suggested by Fayol, which is to define goals, establish strategy and develop plans to implement the strategy in order to reach the goals. Besides, Williams mentioned about controlling performance and corrective action, which is corresponding to Fayol’s classical management functions of controlling. Controlling, according to Fayol, involves observing organization performance and take action if necessary to ensure that goals are to be achieved. Nevertheless, the action of gathering and managing needed information to enable good decisions to be made is not stated in classical management functions. Based on the updated functions, organizing people, projects and processes included consideration of people issues and work processes. At the same time, Fayol mentioned organizing, which is the management process of determining best way to arrange organization’s resources and activities. They actually have the same meaning where both are about locating organization’s resources, which are the employees and also the work processes or activities. The Learning Company, a company that develops and markets games and software, was purchased by toy company Mattel. It was experiencing loss after three years of the purchase because each department in the company works independently and do not share resources.
... of revenue collection of the machinery of redistribution, important though these are. An optimal financing mix should do three jobs well: (i) generate the resources needed to establish and strengthen appropriate social protection systems; (ii) ensure that the incentives generated by the financing modalities reduce child poverty and child vulnerability; and (iii) secure legitimacy for social protection institutions and policies. Section three examines the main issues involved in financing social protection in low income countries, beginning with a discussion of trends in sub-Saharan Africa, and the issues raised by the current global crisis; followed by a discussion of alternative policy strategies adopted in three Latin American countries: the use of natural resources in Bolivia; budgetary surplus policies in Chile, and borrowing in Mexico. Section four concludes.
McMichael, Philip, ed 2012. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective, 5th ed. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
‘Social Planning’, is a model of development which can be described as, ‘Doing For’, the community. If it is perceived by government bodies that a community has sunk so low that is unable to be resolved by using alternative methods, (some of which will be discussed later in this essay), the government will intervene with methods deemed necessary.