What is common in Locke, Hobbes and Rousseau is state of nature. In the state of nature all people are equal – although they have different talents they are equal, because having different talents doesn’t prevent equality - and have same rights but in time they try to command each other and make domination upon them. Hobbes associate this desire with the effort to dispel the insecurity which is caused by equality between people. According to his opinion, if two people desire the same thing that they can not possess at the same time, they turn on each other. – we can affirm that this hostility is generated by equality-. Mainly for the purpose of protecting their entity, sometimes only by enjoying they try to destroy or dominate each other. For protecting himself a person thinks its required to increase the dominance upon others. As a result of this, war between people emerges. He says that “ As long as there is not state, there is always war among people” The duty of the state is individual’s security. He assigns a state that would limit freedom to establish security and limit people to prevent them to hurt other people.
“And therefore so long as a man is in the condition of mere nature, which is a condition of war, private appetite is the measure of good and evil: and consequently all men agree on this, that peace is good, and therefore also the way or means of peace, which (as I have shown before) are justice, gratitude, modesty, equity, mercy, and the rest of the laws of nature, are good; that is to say, moral virtues; and their contrary vices, evil.”
As a foundation of the law of nature he asserts that, “Don’t act like you dont want what is done to you.”
Rousseau relates the desire of domination, with “faculty of self-improvements”. We always want to be superior than others and this causes inequality between people. So, state is required for satisfaction of people’s basic needs and providing opportunities.
When it comes to Locke, the reason is the right, which everyone has, to punish someone who violated the right of his own. That right causes people to hurt each other and to conflict. Thus, the state of war arises. For the sake of avoiding from the war, people construct the state. Duty of the state is -similar to Hobbes’s ideas- protecting individual’s life and properties.
Of Spontaneous Moral Laws
The root of the moral laws is inherent ...
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... everyone should make their decision by their own, otherwise it will be a dictate. Eventhough I definetely foresee the goodness of someone, for instance I might have a knowledge that that he hasn’t and would effect him, It wouldn’t be enough to direct his actions and life.
I admit that everyone can’t make the best choises for themselves. But it is also an important part of being a human. And at the same time, I admit that everyone has a right to form their actions and to determine their life freely even it’s not good for them. Otherwise, It would be denying that everyone have a capacity to realize themselves with their decisions, notions, ideas, actions.. It would be acknowledging that some group of people are superior than other due to their tallents. This aspect easily gives rise the clarification of people according to their faculties or than according to something else. It results with giving the superiors extensive rights than others. It prevents equality between people.
The series of laws such constituted , inheriting what is right or wrong, what is good or bad, can be called only as dictate not as morality. Because, morality can merely develop in the condition of freedom.
On June 1st, 1937, Amelia Earhart, took off on what she thought would be a historical flight. She began her journey in Oakland, California. This was her second attempt to become the first pilot in history to circumnavigate the globe. She and her navigator, Fred Noonan, took flight in a twin engine Lockheed 10E Electra, and successfully flew to their first destination, Miami, Florida, followed by a successful flight to their next destination, South America. Together, they continued on their journey and successfully crossed the Atlantic Ocean and stopped in Africa, then continued East to India and then Southeast Asia. It was later discovered, that Earhart and Noonan left important communication and navigation instruments behind, in order to possibly have more room for fuel on the long flight. On June 29th, 1937, they arrived in Lae, New Guinea; only twenty-one days after their journey began. They had already flown 22,000 miles and were only 7,000 miles away from their starting point in Oakland, California. It appeared as though they would complete their journey (“Amelia Earhart”).
Hobbes and Locke both picture a different scene when they express human nature. Even though they both believed that men naturally have to some extent equality and freedom, what makes their concepts different is the presence or absence of the natural law. In Hobbes' theory, men in their natural state are at constant war, the war of all against all. Another Hobbes belief is that most people are selfish and tend to do everything for their own reason. To Hobbes humans are driven to maximize personal gains so in a world where there are no rules humans are in constant fear of each other as they each try to get as much as they can, enough is never enough.
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke grew up around the same time, so naturally they must have many similarities, but the environment they grew up in resulted in many differences as well. Hobbes grew up during the English Civil War, which shaped his ideas while Locke lived through the Revolution of 1688 which was when a king was overthrown for being unjust and that helped form his ideas. Hobbes and Locke both said that the state of nature is bad and some order is always needed. The difference between their beliefs is the type of government that should be in place to maintain order that is needed to manage stable lives.
Self-preservation is an important factor in shaping the ideologies of Hobbes and Locke as it ties in to scarcity of resources and how each of them view man’s sate of nature. Hobbes and Locke both believe in self-preservation but how each of them get there is very different. Hobbes believes that man’s state of nature is a constant state of war because of his need to self-preserve. He believes that because of scarcity of goods, man will be forced into competition, and eventually will take what is others because of competition, greed, and his belief of scarce goods. Hobbes also states that glory attributes to man’s state of nature being a constant state of war because that drives man to go after another human or his property, on the one reason of obtaining glory even if they have enough to self preserve. Equality ties in with Hobbes view of man being driven by competition and glory because he believes that because man is equal in terms of physical and mental strength, this give them an equal cha...
...ic interest that makes serenity possible. Others however are concerned about Rousseau’s argument the people can be “forced to be free,” that people can be required, under law, to do what is right. They see Rousseau’s idea as an opening to dictatorship or to “totalitarian democracy.” Some political realists doubt whether Rousseau’s idea of direct democracy is either wanted or practicable.
Many have come to know and love the stories of Harry Potter, the boy who lived, but what most may not realize is that Harry Potter can have a bad influence on young children and adults. Though the Harry Potter series is a children’s book that is meant to enlighten the imagination of young viewers, it can be misguiding to those cannot comprehend the difference between imagination and real life. The beloved story of Harry Potter can have a negative influence on young children and adults for a variety of reasons.
Harry Potter and The Half-Blood Prince (Harry Potter and HBP) is the sixth movie in a series of eight. The Harry Potter series is a magic journey about a boys fight between good and evil, and his own personal struggles with the darkness that is growing within him. With the help of his two best friends Ron Weasley who is played by Rupert Grint, and Hermione Granger played by Emma Watson, Harry, played by Daniel Radcliff, has an almost impossible task of defeating the dark Lord Voldemort also know as Tom Riddle in another lifetime. The Harry Potter series is based on the wildly popular book series written by J.K Rowling. Why is Harry Potter so popular? I believe it is because the films and
The constant state of war is what Hobbes believes to be man’s original state of nature. According to Hobbes, man cannot be trusted in the state of nature. War among men is consequent and nothing can be unjust. Notions of justice and injustice or right and wrong will not hav...
The political philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx examined the role that the state played and its relationship to its citizen’s participation and access to the political economy during different struggles and tumultuous times. Rousseau was a believer of the concept of social contract with limits established by the good will and community participation of citizens while government receives its powers given to it. Karl Marx believed that power was to be taken by the people through the elimination of the upper class bourgeois’ personal property and capital. While both philosophers created a different approach to establishing the governing principles of their beliefs they do share a similar concept of eliminating ownership of capital and distributions from the government. Studying the different approaches will let us show the similarities of principles that eliminate abuse of power and concentration of wealth by few, and allow access for all. To further evaluate these similarities, we must first understand the primary principles of each of the philosophers’ concepts.
����������� Thomas Hobbes is an important political and social philosopher. He shares his political philosophy in his work Leviathan. Hobbes begins by describing the state of nature, which is how humans coped with one another prior to the existence of government. He explains that without government, �the weakest has the strength to kill the strongest� (Hobbes 507). People will do whatever it takes to further their own interests and protect their selves; thus, creating a constant war of �every man against every man� (Hobbes 508). His three reasons for people fighting amongst each other prior to government include �competition,� �diffidence,� and �glory� (Hobbes 508). He explains how men fight to take power over other people�s property, to protect them selves, and to achieve fame. He describes life in the state of nature as being �solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short� (Hobbes 508). Hobbes goes on to say that if men can go on to do as they please, there will always be war. To get out of this state of nature, individuals created contracts with each other and began to form a government.
The understanding of the state of nature is essential to both theorists’ discussions. For Hobbes, the state of nature is equivalent to a state of war. Locke’s description of the state of nature is more complex: initially the state of nature is one of “peace, goodwill, mutual assistance and preservation”. Transgressions against the law of nature, or reason which “teaches mankind that all being equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty and possessions,” are but few. The state of nature, according to Locke’s Treatise, consists of the society of man, distinct from political society, live together without any superior authority to restrict and judge their actions. It is when man begins to acquire property that the state of nature becomes somewhat less peaceful.
‘Acts of whatever kind, which, without justifiable cause, do harm to others, may be, and in the more important cases absolutely require to be, controlled by the unfavorable sentiments, and, when needful, by the active interference of mankind. The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited; he must not make himself a nuisance to other people.’
John Locke, Berkeley and Hume are all empiricist philosophers. They all have many different believes, but agree on the three anchor points; The only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience, reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge unless it is grounded in the solid bedrock of sense experience and there is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind that are known from experience. Each of these philosophers developed some of the most fascinating conceptions of the relationships between our thoughts and the world around us. I will argue that Locke, Berkeley and Hume are three empiricists that have different beliefs.
JK Rowling is one of the most influential authors of our time, breaking boundaries and creating an alternate reality in a world far from anyones imagination. The series she is most well known for is the Harry Potter series. The series is seven books accompanied by eight movies. The tale starts with a young boy named Harry, whose parents died, from the sinister Voldemort. The series takes a bunch of twist and turns that ultimately lead to Voldemort 's death. Although, Harry and Voldemort want to destroy one another, they have some undoubtedly strong connections that are undeniable. JK Rowling has said that the connections between Harry and Voldemort range from childhood, through the death of Voldemort. The story of Voldemort and Harry begins
“A giant of a man was standing in the doorway. His face was almost completely hidden by a long, shaggy mane of hair and a wild tangled beard, but you could make out his eyes, glinting like black beetles under all the hair” (pg 46). The previous passage is a wonderful and tasteful description of the first introduction of Hagrid from J. K. Rowling’s novel, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. This book gives intimate detail and overwhelming amounts of vivid description into the characters, settings and conflicts that arise in the book. If there is are aspects to really note about Harry Potter it is the wonderful and imaginative language and the parallels of similarity between situations Harry is involved with in the book to true situations everyday people experience.