H. Review of Relevant Theories
This review of relevant theories is divided into: Local Wisdom, local wisdom’s scope and characteristic, the use of local wisdom in ELT and Textbook, Textbook in ELT, Content of the textbook, Function of the textbook and Textbook Evaluation.
1. Local Wisdom
Local wisdom is a part of the people in specific culture and arises according to each specific location which cannot be separated from their own lives and it is usually inherited orally from generation to generation. Culture mean is all human products that originate from the brain, heart, and drivers that are beneficial for the sake of human welfare. According to E.B. Tylor, culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
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This wisdom can be both abstract and concrete, but the important characteristic are that it comes from experience or truth gained from life. The wisdom from real experience integrates the body, the spirit and the environment. It emphasizes respect for elder and their life experience. Moreover, it values moral more than material things (Nakorntap et al., in Mungmachon’s journal). It is related to culture in the community which is accumulate and passed on. This wisdom can be both abstract and concrete, but the important characteristic are that it comes from experience or truth gained from life. The wisdom from real experience integrates the body, the sprit, and …show more content…
The educational model of local wisdom education is an example of high relevance education for life development skills, based on skills empowerment and local potential in each region. Local wisdom is authentic material can be the base of character education in schools. Wahab (2012: 18), described that local genius or local knowledge can be the source of values as well as the academic materials.
The good value of education that a country has, the good value of human resources it has. The good value can take from local wisdom that comes from community itself and implemented in English language teaching. Komin (1998) said in Piromruen and Pandian journal “the extent of local culture lost due to English language influence is in fact and important and relevant issue in English learning and teaching. Although no answer available, it is worth of being food for thought for language teachers to ponder”. Involving the local wisdom-based learning that has a positive value will provide learning contained character building in it and teaching base on local wisdom can preserve the culture that has been
Growing up, children learn most everything from their elders. Yet, an elder nor a book can help a person to enlightenment. Nor can they teach a person to find their soul. The path to a person’s Atman is a personal journey, one to be endured, not taught. The meaning of a person’s life is not a subject to be read in books. The meaning of life is slowly attained through wisdom, enduring life and searching for the right path along the way. In the novel Siddhartha, Gotama cannot teach enlightenment because that wisdom cannot be communicated through words, only through experience.
People believe that they are “wise” when they “know” something. A common member of society most often feels that knowledge enables people to feel powerful and misknowledge shows a certain weakness. Thurman explained, “Being right means that the world affirms us in what we think we know. ‘Knowing’ something is a way of controlling it, being able to put it in its proper place in relation to us so that we can use it effectively… So, knowledge is power, in the sense that it empowers us to act successfully. Misknowledge… is weakness, in the sense that our action may fail in their aim, backfire, or have unintended consequences. Knowledge is security, in that we know our vulnerabilities and can avoid harm. Misknowledge is danger, in that we don 't know what others might do to us or what traps may await us. We therefore feel powerful and secure when were right, weak and vulnerable when were wrong” (Thurman 446). Thurman took a distinctive approach and taught that not knowing meant obtaining freedom and achieving wisdom. Thurman taught, “… the Buddha discovered that this most certain knowledge of the ‘self’ is actually ‘misknowledge’—a fundamental misunderstanding, a delusion. And what 's more, he realized that this discovery was the key to liberation, the gateway to enlightenment” (Thurman 447). From a social standpoint, “wisdom” allows people to obtain a certain knowledge of themselves and in this way, acquire freedom. Once this “wisdom” is gained, one becomes selfless and allows him or her self to be a greater part of
Experience is an elemental unit of wisdom. For example, the Stream of Life runs through “the far-off mountains…and through the countryside” (929). The stream gains experience by going through the mountains and countryside. The wisdom of the stream is constantly growing from overcoming the obstacles of crossing the mountains and countryside. Moreover, the stream “raised his vapor into the welcoming arms of the wind… which gently carried it over the desert” (930). The stream is now conquering another obstacle in its path to its destination. It is gaining the experience of having the wind deliver it over the desert. Another essential part of wisdom is experience.
“Knowledge can be communicated, but not wisdom”(Hesse 124). In the book Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse the main protagonist in the story, Siddhartha, goes out on a journey to obtain enlightenment and find what is truly worth it in this world. Throughout his journey he learned more and more things through the interactions with other people that helped him along his journey. These people with the way they acted and did things were able to help teach Siddhartha many things including wisdom. The article by Howard Nusbaum talks about how wisdom can be taught in words and how many things today wouldn’t be as relevant if it wasn’t taught in words. He talks about how through people explaining important things we shall gain understanding and wisdom of
Aristotle’s theory makes everyday knowledge demanding. The type of insight into the good that is needed and the relation between practical wisdom and qualities of character are both complex. Practical wisdom cannot be taught, but requires understanding of life and virtue. Only the person who is good knows what is good, according to Aristotle. Aristotle argues that practical wisdom involves more than one kind of insight. First, there is insight into what is good or bad for man. Second, practical wisdom involves understanding what is required in a particular situation in light of a general understanding of what is good. The question that faces us on any occasion is how to achieve what is good. There are no rules for applying knowledge of the good life to the current situation. Sometimes what is right on a certain occasion is in accordance with right reason, might change from one occasion to another. This kind of insight is inseparable from making a good decision. Most of the time you must not only understand the situation, but know how to act well in it.
Our knowledge is a key to our success and happiness in our life to give us personal satisfaction. Knowledge is power but not always. Sometimes our self-awareness and growth as an individual gives us negative thoughts that make us want to go back to undo it. Everyone wants to unlearn a part in our life that brought us pain and problems. Good or bad experiences brought by true wisdom can be used for our self-acceptance, self-fulfillment and these experiences would make us stronger as we walk to the road of our so called “life”, but Douglas’s and my experience about knowledge confirmed his belief that “Knowledge is a curse”. Both of us felt frustrated and sad from learning knowledge.
As humans we encounter wisdom on a daily basis. One can find it in anything and everything. Wisdom can be found in a person, a place, or even an experience. It can be found in the sky, in the leaves that sway with the wind, or in the oceans powerful tide. Wisdom is everywhere, but to experience the full affects of it, one must understand that these people, places, objects, and experiences need to become part of us. Without doing this we are only merely
Throughout the years, humans have shaped the world and many societies have developed different cultural patterns. Culture is the way of life of a society. Through culture, we learn how to collaborate with groups of people and we learn how to survive and adapt to changes. It is composed of values and beliefs that are shared by other members of society, as well as species survival. Every culture has different cultural elements that are vital to one’s survival in a certain place.
Culture is the substance of who we essentially are in life. It identifies the kind of values and practices that are learned from church, home and even the surrounding community. In addition to these learned beliefs and values, we also learn from music, food, health remedies, and sports which symbolizes something unique in a culture. Furthermore, our culture is the key to how we view and perceive the world as well. A lot of times we don’t realize that our culture can be subsequently be used as a tool to communicate and socialize with others. In recent, it has been brought to my understanding that people determine who are by examining which side of the city you come from. Having an awareness of one’s own culture gives an individual sense of pride and understanding of their life.
Real knowledge, like everything else of the highest value, is not to be obtained easily. It must be worked for, studied for, thought for, and, more than all, it must be prayed for”
The Wisdom category or (‘paññā’ in pāli language), contains two factors: (1) Right View, which suggests viewing reality as it is, not just as it appears to be. It is the process of gaining knowledge and understanding of the Four Noble Truths, through personal experience and practice of spiritual exercises. (2) Right Intention, means Intention of renunciation. This factor relates to detachment, love and nonviolence. Unlike, when thoughts based on selfish desire, hatred and violence are present; it is a ...
Anthropologists define the term culture in a variety of ways, but there are certain shared features of the definition that virtually all anthropologists agree on. Culture is a shared, socially transmitted knowledge and behavior. The key features of this definition of culture are as follows. 1) Culture is shared among the members of that particular society or group. Thus, people share a common cultural identity, meaning that they recognize themselves and their culture's traditions as distinct from other people and other traditions. 2) Culture is socially transmitted from others while growing up in a certain environment, group, or society. The transmission of cultural knowledge to the next generation by means of social learning is referred to as enculturation or socialization. 3) Culture profoundly affects the knowledge, actions, and feelings of the people in that particular society or group. This concept is often referred to as cultural knowledge that leads to behavior that is meaningful to others and adaptive to the natural and social environment of that particular culture.
There are various influences on everyone’s lives while growing up. I believe the greatest of these influences is the neighborhood you grew up in. I grew up in a quite large, welcoming neighborhood. While living in this neighborhood, I was outgoing and remarkably talkative. Making friends became second nature to me. Playing outdoors from sunrise to sundown playing sports or exploring the outdoors with my friends became a daily routine for me. I was outgoing, talkative, and active. I believe this is the result of the neighborhood I grew up in.
For a person who was raised with a rich culture, acquisition of knowledge for him is an everyday task. A person with a rich culture is capable of remembering, which is the most basic level of knowledge. Furthermore, he can also be capable of understanding, the second level of knowledge, given that the rich culture can aide him into understanding what needs to be understood. He can also be capable of applying the knowledge he had acquired in his rich culture to solve problems he has to face. A rich culture may also lead him to be capable of analyzing, the fourth level of knowledge. He will be capable of breaking information into pieces and putting them back altogether again to form a whole idea. With a rich culture and right judgement, evaluating, the fifth level of knowledge, would have to be an easy task for him. Lastly, a rich culture can aide a person in creating or synthesizing which is the last and highest level of knowledge. A rich culture may aide a person in synthesizing when its culture itself can be a basis of creating new
Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior. It includes the ideas, value, customs and artifacts of a group of people (Schaefer, 2002). Culture is a pattern of human activities and the symbols that give these activities significance. It is what people eat, how they dress, beliefs they hold and activities they engage in. It is the totality of the way of life evolved by a people in their attempts to meet the challenges of living in their environment, which gives order and meaning to their social, political, economic, aesthetic and religious norms and modes of organization thus distinguishing people from their neighbors.