Lithography
This process uses a flat aluminium printing plate and works on the
principle that oil and water do not mix. The image is transferred onto
the plate photographically through ultra-violet light shining through
a negative. The plate is then washed with a chemical that makes the
image area attractive to the oily ink. The non-image area is later
dampened with water to repel the ink. To lengthen the life of the
printing plate and prevent the paper becoming damp through contact
with the water, a rubber blanket transfers the ink from the plate to
the paper. This is called offset lithography and is used for most
commercial printing such as books, magazines, brochures etc. If rolls
of paper are used rather than flat sheets the process can be speeded
up and higher volumes printed. This is called web offset lithography.
* 4 colours(process colours) - black, cyan, magenta and yellow - are
used to build up all other colours and tones.
* Ready mixed (spot colours) are used for one, two or three colour
designs.
* Additional spot colours are sometimes used for special colours
such as gold.
* Economical for between 1,000 and 1,000,000 copies.
* Good quality can be achieved.
Gravure
This uses an engraved plate where the printing surface is lower than
the main area of the plate. The image is photo-etched onto
copper-faced printing cylinders which are expensive but will stand up
to very long print runs. The engraved recesses are then filled with
ink, the surface is scraped clean and then the ink is transferred to
an impression cylinder in much the same way as lithography. The
process can b...
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... simple.
Photocopying
In addition to traditional printing methods, photocopying is used for
a considerable number of single colour printed products such as low
cost leaflets. Often uses coloured paper for greater effect. Black on
white masters are copied and printed. Reductions and enlargements are
possible and the process is especially suitable for very small runs.
Full colour photocopying is less common due to expense but reasonable
quality can be achieved.
* Usually black images on to white or coloured paper.
* Full colour is possible but relatively expensive.
* Masters are needed, which can be crude cut and pasted images.
* Can be printed on to sheets, usually A4 and A3 size.
* Economical for under 1000 copies.
* Good quality can be achieved but this is typically not the case.
A Lithograph was produced by firstly drawing the image on a flat stone surface in an oil based medium, the stone is then moistened with water which is repelled by the oil the surface is then inked with an oil based ink which is unable to adhere to the wet surface. A Chromolithograph is a coloured picture produced by making and superimposing multiple lithographic prints, each of which adds a different colour. The process of colour lithography was first experimented with in the early 1800s by Aloys Senefelder the inventor of lithography, while ‘chromolithography’ was patented in 1837 by a French printer Godefroy Engelmann.
In additive manufacturing, parts are produced by slicing a CAD model into thin layers and then depositing material one layer at a time to create the 3D part. While current methods are very precise and have high resolutions, I have identified 3 main limitations of additive manufacturing.
When looking at custom t-shirts, hoodies, tote bags, water bottles, etc. you may see different print methods that were used, such as silk screening or heat transfers. Both process have their advantages and disadvantages. A lot of the decision of which method to use will come down to the number of items being produced. For small batches, maybe fewer than ten, it may be cheaper to go with a heat transfer process, but with larger quantities, the times savings will counteract the setup cost and it will wind up costing less all together.
Bioprinting is exactly what it sounds like: printing cells. Scientists have discovered a way to print cells, join them together, and eventually create substances such as tissues, organs, and teeth. They do this through a very unique three dimensional printer that has a cartridge that holds cells. There are two ways to bioprint cells. One way is drop based bioprinting, which is a method that consists of droplets of cells being put together and combined at the end. This method is quick, but tends to be too harsh for substances like organs. However, with extrusion bioprinting, scientists
Technology has had a huge impact on the world, especially the film industry. It has had a long past and as the technology advances, it becomes more and more realistic. It all began with the first machine patented in the United States that showed animated pictures or movies. It was called the “wheel of life” or “zoopraxiscope” and was patented in 1867 by William Lincoln. Moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit in the zoopraxiscope. However, modern motion picture making began with the invention of the motion picture camera. Frenchman Louis Lumiere is usually credited with the creation of the first motion picture camera in 1895, but several others were invented around the same time. What Lumiere invented was a portable motion picture camera, film processing unit and a projector called the Cinematography, all three functions in one invention. This made motion pictures very popular and it is also known as beginning the motion picture era. In 1895, Lumiere and his brother were the first to present projected, moving, photographic pictures to a paying audience of more than one person. However, they were also not the first to project film. In 1891, the Edison Company successfully demonstrated the Kinetoscope which allowed one person at a time to view moving pictures. Also in 1896, he showed the improved Vitascope projector and it was the first commercially successful projector in the United States.
A painting can not be reproduced and is created solely by the artist, who owns the piece. It is created on a single media via a brush and paints. Conversely, a print can be reproduced thousands of times as long as the carved wooden block has not worn down. The artist draws the outline of the print onto a sheet of paper, and it is sent to a carver. The carver places the image, face down, on a wooden block, typically cherry, and cuts through the paper, in the same manner as the brush strokes. Once carved, the block is sent to a painter who paints one color onto the block and transfers the paint onto a new sheet of paper in a rubbing motion with a hand tool. Should the piece require more colors, a new block is carved from a stamp, one block for
In 1983, the first 3D printers were created, and began a revolution in the technology world. These printers are just starting to reach their potential, and can be used in almost every field of work that exists. Just recently 3D printing has started to affect the medical industry and they can be used in many ways. One of these ways is by 3D printing organs made from your own cells. Many people believe that this is just science fiction, but recent developments show that 3D organ printing is not too far away. Right now in the US and countries all around the world there is an enormous shortage of organs and 3D printing could help to solve this crisis.
In nineteenth-century society, a time well versed in the uses and advantages of Gutenberg’s printing press, the typewriter changed the way people thought about writing. Since the introduction of the printing press four centuries earlier, there had been a very limited amount of new inventions pertaining to writing or the world of the mechanized press. Advancements certainly had been made to modernize the printing process, but the typewriter was the next invention that would change the face of writing. The typewriter made writing more common and accessible and loosened up proper business etiquette. Professionals shifted from the mindset of having to write a handwritten letter regarding company updates and accepted the notion of being able to type out a business memo. The process of typing also affected the way authors wrote and what they thought about writing as it allowed them to become more involved in publication.
First, a rabbits fur or cotton cloth was rubbed over a metal plate that was coated with sulfur. This rubbing charged the plate with static energy. Then the charged plate was placed beneath a piece of glass where from above the material to be copied was inked. Then the metal plate and glass were exposed to a bright source of light for a couple seconds. The success of the whole process depended on if the light source lost the sulfur coatings charge. If the process this far worked than the very intense light produced emplaced an image on the material that was being copied. The image was invisible until dusting some electroscopic powder onto the metal palate which attracted the areas where the light might not of fully reached. Also to make the powdered image permanent, a piece of wax coated paper was pressed over the metal plate, and thus the copier
The way 3D printing works is by taking virtual designs from a special computer aided design or modeling software and “splits” them into separate cross-sections for the machine to use as a guide. The printer then lays down successive layers of the liquid or powdered material required (metal, plastic, paper, ceramics etc.) and eventually builds the model through these series of cross sections, creating the object desired. This printing layer by layer slowly develops the object.
Figure 2 show the printable color gamut of three commercial printers and Table 1 show the gamut volumes of them. Results represent the gamut achievable with the given printer. Therefore the achievable or reproducible color gamut for Konica Minolta CF3102 is significantly larger than two other printers especially in yellow region for paper A as commercially available paper. In the case of the Konica Minolta Bizhub C450 and Konica Minolta bizhub C451, the Konica Minolta bizhub C451 has larger gamut volume although Konica Minolta bizhub C450 has larger color gamut in blue and magenta area. Figure 2 show printers produce relatively different color gamut shape. As mentioned before comparing the results in terms of gamut volume show, Konica Minolta CF3102 printer has larger gamut volume for the selected paper A. Therefore this printer chooses for investigation the effect of paper characteristics in printable color gamut and reproducibility.
He believes that the process of painting multiple artworks repeatedly was hard. Instead, he chose the appreciation of mechanizing his works and using machineries to reproduce his artworks (Garrels 9). Throughout his career Warhol had developed many different artistic techniques to reproduce his artworks, but silk screening was known to be his best and most frequently used technique. This well known method involves the combination of photographic techniques and silkscreen printing. The silkscreen acts as a stencil where the woven material is stretched onto a wooden frame that is covered with a photosensitive emulsion. When Warhol wants to make a multi-colored print, more than one screen will be used for the separate colours (Garrels 88). The idea of silk screening to mass produce his prints more efficiently is claimed to be the start of Warhol’s artistic development. Today, there are many people who manipulate and use Warhol’s technique of silk printing for their own
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artist’s papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce.
The technology and complex foundation of additive manufacturing (AM) or more commonly known as 3D printing is still being widely explored through trial and error processes to improve this innovative field. Consumer goods such as clothes, food, decoration, household objects and tools, fragrance and so much more has good prospect within the spectrum of AM applications. The 3D printing machine enable industrial designers, mechanical engineer, packaging designers, graphic artists, marketing staff, fashion designers, interior designers and the like to create prototypes efficiently. How is timing more efficient with AM? Time to market shrink significantly as the 3D printer help designers and engineer bring their creation to life swiftly. All matters of aesthetics and functionality can be seen and reformed for optimal quality with AM.
The two main ways printers work is either impact or nonimpact. Impact printers have a device that touches the paper and then creates an image while nonimpact does not touch the paper. The type we use most often in our homes is the nonimpact printers; these include the ink-jet and laser printers. The ink-jet printer drops ink from a nozzle onto the paper. The laser printer is a bit more complicated because it uses toner, static electricity, and heat to get the ink where you want it on the paper. This is nice though because it decreases the drying time that may cause ink to smear, especially when you are printing pictures. (Tyson)