CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature has been classified under three broad categories:
A. Studies on creative problem solving.
B. Studies on effects of problem solving.
C. Studies on individual and group differences in problem solving.
D. Studies on effect of motivation on problem solving.
A. Studies on creative problem solving-
Creative problem solving uses divergent thinking more than convergent thinking. Creative problem solving is the mental process of searching for a new and novel creative solution to a problem, a solution which is novel, original and not obvious. In creative problem solving the solution must solve the stated problem in a novel way, and the solution must be reached independently. The below studies have been conducted to see the effect of creative problem solving.
Mathers (1990) conducted a study on impact of creative solving problem. This study investigated the degree to which various creative problem solving techniques taught in college were used by the students in their personal and professional life. The impact of the study was assessed through the use of student survey administered at three months, six months, and one year intervals. The results of the study showed that the creative problem solving techniques were useful to the students for a year. Students also implemented various benefits from the challenges faced in the course.
Puccio (1994) conducted an analysis of an observational study of creative problem solving for primary students. The purpose of the study was to engage primary students in real life problem solving using creative problem solving. The study addressed following core questions: a) to what extend primary grade students able to engage in real life applications...
... middle of paper ...
...re required for problem solving. Which strategy is used by which individual and in which given situation is understood. How strategies help us get to the solution faster is known.
The sample use were chosen as youngsters age 18-25 years, as they are the one who are stepping in the threshold of independent life where they are faced with various problems and therefore require effective and efficient problem solving skills. The young adults have problems in choosing a career, relationships, personal life etc. A lot of problems will be faced at the beginning. Many problem solving strategies are required. This test is conducted in order to determine whether solving is more effective as individuals or as a group.
The following chapter deals with the methodology of the entire study.
In this study 491 twelve-year-old children were asked to complete surveys that would allow researchers to measure variations in creativity. Of these 491 students, 53% were female, 34% were African American, and 66% were Caucasian American. Due to this variation in population researchers were testing they were able to get an ov...
1.1 Explain evidence, approaches and theories about the benefits of creativity for the well being of children and young people
Some people write for entertainment and some people write for fortune, but other people write to tell the world their story and enlighten us to life’s lessons. Literary fiction is created to do more than just merely entertain. It is created to tell a story, to take the reader from one mindset to another and bring about the reader’s understanding of the purpose. Literary fiction explores innate conflicts of the human condition through cosmic writing. Richard Wright chooses to use this kind of writing to reach the world. Wright grew up in a time where he was denied many privileges because of his color and he really made a point to express his feelings to us through his writing. His life, works and short story “A Man Who Was Almost a Man contribute directly to his literary style.
The American system of education is considered to be one of the most progressive in the world. One of the surveys on attitudes toward teaching around the world found that the United States is unique in its strong emphasis on "good teaching." My experience at State College has helped me to understand better how this system works, and what methods and techniques American teachers use to motivate their students for creative and active learning. However, I can also see that this system doesn’t work perfectly in every classroom. Reading Ernest Boyer’s article “Creativity in the Classroom” helped me with my understanding of the main problem that nowadays exists with the American college education system. According to the author, the problem is that teachers and students don’t see each other as one team doing the same business; therefore, in most classrooms the process of learning becomes a boring procedure instead of being mind-blowing. Moreover, reading this article, I could analyze the reasons of this problem that the author identifies through my own experiences at State College.
DEVELOPMENT. In developing the PCA, test author used 2 kinds of creativeness, one depending on J. P. Guilford's idea of divergent (versus.convergent) thinking along with the other depending on Teresa Amabile's inclusion of social and atmosphere factors in creativeness. Following Guilford, test author defines divergent production as 'the generation of options to satisfy specified broad requirements' (examiner's manual, p. 2). Both divergent-thinking subtests apply Guilford's concept by getting students to (a) complete eight pictures depending on incomplete figures, and (b) on two separate exercises of 20 geometric figures, identify just as much groups of three or higher figures as possible depending on some common feature. The eight completed sketches are each acquired for four from six divergent techniques recognized by Guilford (sensitivity to problems, originality, redef...
Teaching using creative methods can help develop the whole child. It can make learning experiences more exciting, more relevant, create different contexts for learning, al...
Using creativity in the classroom will create strong students and help better them for the future. Now, students are just being taught to what is on the test. They do not learn how to be leaders, how to work in groups, people skills, or how to use their mind that is not just for memorizing the information. “The challenge now is to transform education systems into something better suited to the real needs of the 21st century. At the heart of this transformation there has to be a radically different view of human intelligence and of creativity” (Robinson K., 2011, p. 14). Using creativity and technology will allow the students to enjoy learning more. I noticed in my final project, that other students who weren’t education majors, saw this problem too. Many of them did not see creativity in a classroom, they felt that the school system was creating them into robots that taught them all how to think a certain way. Ken Robinson feels that, “we don’t grow into creativity; we grow out of it. Often we are educated out of it.” (2011, p. 49). Teachers should be teaching students how to be creative, and how to think on their own, so students will be able to go far in the future and succeed in any job they
NACCCE definition of creativity: ‘Imaginative activity fashioned so as to produce outcomes that are both original and of value’(NACCCE, 1999:94).Creativity can motivate children to learn new information through a creative outlook. One of the biggest issues teachers have is between teaching required content and integrating creativity into the daily sessions. The National Curriculum and state standard often create boundaries towards the teacher’s ability to develop the lesson, as the intention of including creativity sometimes resorts in a teacher centred learning environment. The teacher’s role should be to generate lessons and create activities that encourage students to be more open to their creative side. This is vital as it exposes children with varying learning styles to different ways of learning.
Design thinking is a process for practical, creative resolution of problems or issues that looks for an improved future result. It is the essential ability to combine empathy, creativity and rationality to meet user needs and drive business success. Unlike analytical thinking, design thinking is a creative process based around the building up of ideas. There are no judgments early on the design thinking (Simon, 1969, p. 55). Design thinking includes imagination and reason, a combination of convergent and divergent thought, and creativity. Design thinking might be thought of as dialectic, or conversation. It involves design wisdom, judgment, and knowledge. Lastly, design thinking is skill (Hegeman, 2008).
In this scenario, I must decide between changed my current job, or remain in my current position which will help me continue to further my education. This document is intended to present a combination of all significant aspects related to the solving of this issue by using the six-step problem-solving method. Thinking is about making decisions and solving problems. 2 Those times when you are facing a tough decision or solving a complicated issue, demand careful thinking.” (webtexts.com)
Solving problems is a particular art, like swimming, or skiing, or playing the piano: you can learn it only by imitation and practice…if you wish to learn swimming you have to go in the water, and if you wish to become a problem solver you have to solve problems. -Mathematical Discovery
Taylor, J. and Ortega, D. The Application of Goldratt's Thinking Processes to problem Solving. Allied Academic international Conference. Las Vegas. 2003
To begin with Sir Ken Robinson states that “creativity is the greatest gift of human intelligence” and therefore the education system should help children to realise their creative potential, unfortunately many are being displaced from their own true talents. Formal instructions and inquiry based learning are essential for creative education. There are some times when it is appropriate for the teacher to give formal instruction in skills a...
Creative Arts in early childhood education refers to children’s participation in a variety of activities that engage their minds, bodies and senses (Sinclair, Jeanneret & O’Toole, 2012; Kearns, 2017); to inspire all children with the opportunity for creative and imaginative expression. Duffy (2006) and Sinclair et al. (2012) state that creativity is the process where children use their imagination to problem solve, develop new ideas, independence and flexibility to accomplish tasks. Furthermore, when educators foster creativity, they are assisting children in making meaning through play and developing their growing capacity to communicate, collaborate and think critically to meet the demands of life in the 21st century (Duffy, 2006; Korn-Bursztyn, 2012; Sinclair et al., 2012).
Kirby, G.R. & Goodpaster, J.R. (2007) Creative Thinking. Fourth Edition Thinking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.