Limestone Scenery at Malham
Where is Malham?
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Malham is a small dales village in what is known as Malhamdale, north
of Skipton and Gargrave in the beautiful Yorkshire Dales National
Park. The settlement itself probably dates from the 7th or 8th century
A.D. but there are archaeological remains around Malham Tarn which
date back 10,000 years.
Malham is most famous as featuring some of the finest and most
spectacular limestone scenery in the country.
Limestone Features in Malham
The Dry Valley of Watlowes
[IMAGE]Below Water Sinks, and above Malham Cove is a limestone valley
which is known as the Dry Valley, or Watlowes Valley. Whatever
underground route the streams of Malham Moor now take, Watlowes Valley
was almost certainly carved out by the overspill from Malham Tarn
flowing to what was once England's highest waterfall at Malham Cove.
Now the valley is dry, but contains some most impressive limestone
features, with plenty of exposed and weathered rock.
Malham Cove
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Malham Cove
Malham Cove is a huge natural limestone cliff just north of Malham
which forms part of the Craven Fault and was once the scene of an
amazing ancient waterfall. The valley above the cove is now dry, with
the river having found a different route underground. However, at the
foot of the cliff, a small stream called Malham Beck rises from a
submerged cavern. The vertical faces of the cliff are 260 feet high.
The top of the cove is a large area of deeply eroded limestone
pavement, of a strange pattern rarely seen in England.
Giggleswick Scar viewed from Buckhaw BrowThe Craven Fault
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The Craven Fault is a series of geological fault lines, including the
North Craven Fault, the Mid Craven Fault, and the South Craven Fault,
which run along the southern and western edges of the Yorkshire Dales
national park, formed at the boundary of the Askrigg Block. Along the
length of the Craven Fault there are some brilliant limestone
Castleton is a small village located in the western end of Hope Valley, in the Derbyshire Peak District National Park. Three sides of Castleton are surrounded by steep hills such as Mam Tor which is two miles from the north west of the village. Castleton was named after Peveril Castle, which overlooks the village, and has origins dating back to the Norman times. The village was once surrounded by a moat, but it has dried up now. Castleton is a honeypot village. This means that it is a tourist destination and is likely to draw in visitors from surrounding areas. There are many reasons why Castleton has become a honeypot. Three are many hills surrounding Castleton which are a great place for walkers and hikers. Furthermore, there are four underground show caves in Castleton which allow tourists to learn more about how the minerals and
The sediments of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation were deposited during Late Jurassic between around 160 and 145 million years ago. The outcrop and subcrop from Kimmeridge Clay in England extends from Dorset to North Yorkshire but due to the lack of exposure inland, all stratigraphic studies of the formation has occurred in the costal sections between Weymouth and Swanage in Dorset ( Figure 1) (Cox and Gallios, 1981)
Case Study of Hastings Coastal Management Hastings is a town on the south coast of England approximately 60 miles south of London (see map below). In recent years, the coastline at Hastings has had to face many large scale problems, including the 10 km stretch from Hastings eastwards to the small town of Fairlight. With the coastline at constant exposure to the English Channel, there are many coastal processes which take place along the stretch of beach and cliff. [IMAGE][IMAGE] [IMAGE][IMAGE] Longshore Drift [IMAGE] Fetch [IMAGE]The map on the left illustrates the location of Hastings and also the area of the coastline which is being discussed in this case study.
Both Mystery and Niagara Cave are made of limestone. Limestone is formed when areas that used to be covered with water, would have contained shelled animals and other organisms. When the animals died, their bodies along with waste matter from other organisms, floated down to the bottom of the water. Over time, it was compressed and formed limestone. Caves are usually made of limestone because it is easily carved out by water. This is the case for Mystery and Niagara
This leads across the river Swale and passed the attractive waterfall of East Gill Force to reach East Stonesdale Farm. From here we continue over wild moorland to the Tan Hill Inn, which is Great Britain’s highest inn, standing at 1732 feet (528m) above sea level.
This is evidence for continuous formation of new rock at the ridges. As more rock forms, older rock is pushed farther away from the ridge, producing symmetrical stripes to either side of the ridge. In the diagram to the right, the dark stripes represent ocean floor generated during "reversed" polar orientation and the lighter stripes represent the polar orientation we have today. Notice that the patterns on either side of the line representing the mid-oceanic ridge are mirror images of one another.
From the top of the rock looking north, you can see a line of pink hills or small castle tors. Looking to the east you notice a flat topped hill, this is the Edwards Plateau. This is composed of limestone, which at one time covered the top of Enchanted Rock but eroded back, exposing the granite. Our tour now heads downward and we pass a weathering characteristic that looks like a doughnut ring with a gnamma pit in the center.
The plateau that is comprised of sedimentary rocks of materials is washed westward from the old Appalachian Mountains. Some rock layers( the bituminous coal seams), were laid in swampy environments.
One of the most impressive and photogenic waterfalls on the island, the Victoria Waterfall, in MorneTrois
- The Chiltern Society, 2011: Concerns Arising from the Geology and Hydrology of the ground underlying the High Speed (HS2) routes through the Chilterns. Available: http://www.chilternsociety.org.uk/hs2/paper02.php (Accessed: 1 December 2011).
Once the location of a historically important Iron Age hillfort, now famous for its geological features, Mam Tor is located in the Peak District about 2km north-west of the village of Castleton, Derbyshire. Mam Tor is a text-book example of a landslide with its distinctive features of landslips; it is very famous amongst geologists and scientists. The A625 from Manchester to Sheffield built in 1819 intersects the main part of the landslide twice; it was closed permanently in 1979 due to the repeated movement of the landslide. The landslide is a rotational landslide with a large debris flow at its toe (British Geological Survey, 2014). It should be noted that the name Mam Tor is given to the highest point of the landslip which is situated on top of a sandstone ridge which runs between the southern area called Hope Valley and the northern area called Edale. The geology of the main beds consists mainly of micaceous sandstone in the south with mudstones in the north (Skempton, et al., 1989). The landslide occurred when a section of the Namurian Edale mudstones and the overlying sandstone of Mam Tor collapsed resulting in an 80m high landslide it has been estimated that this event had started between 3000 and 4000 years ago (Arkwright, et al., 2003). The landslide is still active to this day.
These formations are part of the Helderberg group that may be aged approximately 416 to 359 million years old. The Becraft is on the bottom, therefore making it the oldest layer due to the principle of superposition. It contains fossiliferous limestone, which is a clastic sedimentary rock containing fossils. The color may be described as light grey, and it is the thickest layer of the three. The Alsen formation contains fossiliferous limestone as well. Based on this information, it may be inferred the environment where the layers formed was a warm shallow ocean. Like quartz conglomerate and the powered form of dolostone, fossiliferous limestone reacts with hydrochloric acid. Dissimilar to the Becraft and Alsen formation, the Port Ewen formation contained black shale and chert. While the other layers were formed in a shallow ocean, this layer was formed in a deep ocean. There is more fossiliferous limestone than black shale and chert. Chert has a microcrystalline texture, and similarly to the first structure, black shale is fine-grained.
These rocks were formed on and near the shore of the beach in Hollandale Embayment. This means that this area was once either on a coastal shore or near a shore. Due to the sandstone in the area, some of the main resources that Mazeppa has to offer is gravel and sand. Within the town, there is a gravel or sand pit, as well as other pits around the area. Along with it being near a shore, the land may have been
The Caloris Basins floor is full of cliffs and ridges. As you progress to the bottom the cliffs and ledges increase in size. The Caloris Basin was created when it was bombarded with meteorites. The Caloris basin was created by a meteorite that could of been up to 100 km. When the large meteorite hit Mercury it sent shocks through it which produced jumbled hills on the opposite side of Mercury.
Global and local sea-level has varied dramatically throughout the Earths history and are principally controlled by glacio-eustasy, thermal expansion and tectonic activity. Oxygen isotope records have help establish sea-level changes in recent geological history and it is now known that the sea-level in the British Isles has been rising for the last 18,000 years creating the beaches and coastline we see today. Present day sea-level rise is being exacerbated by anthropological causes, which is of concern due to the many millions who live by the coast. Predicting the effects of geomorphological effects of sea-level transgression is difficult, although Bruuns rule on sea-level change offer some, albeit, limited insight into predicting the geomorphological changes in the coastline.