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The social construction of sexuality inevitably linked with cultural concepts
Social and cultural constraints on human sexuality
Social and cultural constraints on human sexuality
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Our perceptions about male-female differences rely heavily on current popular beliefs about the mind, body, and evolution. Hastings Donan rightly remarks that, “Although sex is a biological urge, it is rarely experienced in the same ways by people everywhere: it is differently practiced and felt depending on the social and cultural settings in which it occurs.” This justifies that it is indeed our cultural schemata that has overinflated claims of human sexual differences. Let us carefully look at each of the common assumptions that have been ingrained into us and refute them to challenge the myth about patterns of human sexual differences.
Myth 1: Males and Females are biologically very different from one another
Male and female bodies have many differences, but they overlap extensively in structure and function. One can easily focus on the hairstyles, on the clothing, the cultural behavior, and the modern-day ideas about gender and being masculine or feminine, but very few of these elements match the actual biological patterns in our species. When we look at the size dimorphism in males and females, we look at the average differences in size and conclude that males are 10 to 15 percent larger than female. However, we ignore the large range of variations in Individual figures that overlap many times. The manner of walking in females, which involves swinging of hips, is due the outward flare of the female pelvic bone, accentuated by many as a hyper feminine behavior. Surprisingly men and women are made up of the same genital stuff, the tissues that make up the reproductive tract are the same in males and females-it is the same stuff that undergoes development but with different endpoints. There are no consistent and r...
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...d gender contexts that make the sexual activity differences appear and often women’s sexuality is constrained by cultural values and social institutions. As David Schmit sums it up, Women never precisely match the sociosexual psychology of men, but women’s overall level of sociosexuality comes closer to men when given the chance.
We need a broader understanding of sexual relationship, love, companionship, and communion. In fact the very act of cooperative behavior between a male and a female human is the key to our successful existence. Differences and exploitation arises when there is a desire to dominate and denote power. As long as there is a search for power, and dominance humanity cannot progress further. Being human, doses not mean looking for differences in each one of us it means accepting individuality and uniqueness and aiming towards liberation.
To begin, I think it is important to analyze the difference between “sex” and “gender”. Up until researching for this paper, I though that the two terms were interchangeable in meaning, rather, they are separate ideas that are connected. According to Mary K. Whelan, a Doctor of Anthropology focusing on gender studies, sex and gender are different. She states, “Western conflation of sex and gender can lead to the impression that biology, and not culture, is responsible for defining gender roles. This is clearly not the case.”. She continues with, “Gender, like kinship, does have a biological referent, but beyond a universal recognition of male and female "packages," different cultures have chosen to associate very different behaviors, interactions, and statuses with men and women. Gender categories are arbitrary constructions of culture, and consequently, gender-appropriate behaviors vary widely from culture to culture.” (23). Gender roles are completely defined by the culture each person lives in. While some may think that another culture is sexist, or dem...
Waters, Preston. "The Evolution of the Female Body." Elite Daily. Elite Daily, 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 Feb. 2014.
For example, “sociological and popular understanding of gay and lesbian relationships has been greatly distorted by the false presumption that only heterosexual relationships are normal ways of expressing sexual intimacy and love” (Andersen 1997, 95). This explains how society helps in influencing and identifying people sexual identities throughout their lifetime. Andersen admits that “heterosexual identity includes the belief that men have an overpowering sex drive and that women are considered more loving, soft and are link to sex [… and] contemporary sexual attitudes are shaped by phallocentric thinking-that which sees men as powerful and women as weak” (Andersen 1997, 94, 96). Although, society is lead to believe that men should be the dominant figure of the family. The reality is that, in gay and lesbian relationships, no one individual displays the behavior of an authoritative
What comes to mind when male and female sex drives are mentioned? The stereotype as stated by Roy F. Baumeister (2000) would be females have a lower sex drive then males. This statement tends to be accepted by most people in society as the standard, so why would looking into this question be important? Having a “standard” can be dangerous, because not everyone fits that standard. Thus, understanding the differences can show society what is normal, and how to change the standard that is accepted. Roy F. Baumeister at Case Western University, Alicia Barr at South Plains College, and many others sought to understand why do females have a lower sex drive.
12). What is ok for one to do is not acceptable for another to do although they are equal. This standard is upheld by media on almost every outlet. This can range from women showing off their sexuality to the men being praised for sleeping around or having lots of women around him in one setting. An outside source goes on to state “Under the rubric of the sexual double standard, highly sexually active men are praised or rewarded with high status, whereas highly sexually active women are derogated or suffer a damaged reputation” (Marks, 2008, Pg. 84). In the society we live in a man can have a many sexual partners as he pleases and studies actually show that men do report having more sexual partners than women (Chapter 12). Not only is it glorified and encouraged but there are some countries that practice polygyny which is when a man has more than one wife making it acceptable in various cultures. There are instances where a woman has multiple husbands as well and this is referred to polyandry. A woman’s sexuality is always glorified and placed on a peddle stool in some cases. Men love to admire the female body like to cat call when they see something they like. However, if and when a woman acts in the sexual manner that men glorify them to be in, then the woman is looked at
However, many of our questions still remain. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the physical aspect of gender differences in humans, otherwise known as sexual dimorphism, it’s evolutionary history in our species, and some behavioral and societal trends that are associated with it. To accomplish this, I will begin by outlining the anatomical structures that are commonly used in measuring sexual dimorphism in our species. After establishing these criteria, I will expand upon the evolutionary history of sexual dimorphism in humans beginning with the anthropoids in the Oligocene and ending with present day trends.
Unlike sex, the history of sexuality is dependant upon society and limited by its language in order to be defined and understood.
Sexuality is a fundamental part of our self-discovery, involving much more than just being genetically or anatomically male and female and it is not defined solely by one 's sexual acts (Ministry of Education 1989, p.79 cited in Gourlay, P 1995). The notion that sexuality is fixed and innate disregards the social aspects that impact ones’ sexualities. Gagnon and Simon (1973) further commented that sexuality is a feature of social
Osmundson, Joseph. "'I Was Born This Way': Is Sexuality Innate, and Should It Matter?" Harvard Kennedy School. N.p., 2011. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. .
From birth, one's sexuality is shaped by society. Cultures institute behaviors that are to be seen as the societal norms, which work to constantly reinforce societal expectations of how genders should act in relation to one another. Although some may argue that one's sexuality is an innate characteristic resulting from genetic makeup, there is a large amount of evidence pointing to its social construction instead. Through the power differences between males and females, established gender roles, and drastic economic shifts, society establishes sexuality and reinforces the behaviors that are expected of its citizens.
Previous research has reported several gender differences between men and women regarding the desire for sex. According to Randy J. Larson and David M. Buss's book Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature, men view pornography more often than women (d=.63). Men also desire more sexual partners, have more frequent sexual partners, and are more willing to accept offers of sex from a stranger (Hald & Hogh-Olesen, 2010). Evolutionarily, sex differences have relied on parental investment and sexual selection theory. The sex that invests less in offspring is less discriminatory in their selection of a mate. Because women have more of an obligatory role in parental investment, they place greater importance on mate selection whereas men place a greater value on a woman’s physical appearance. Although men score higher in ratings pertaining to the desire for sex, women score higher in emotional investment. Women tend to score higher on items such as passionate, cuddlesome, affectionate, and romantic (Larson & Buss 2014).
In order to grasp the concept of social construction of gender, it is essential to understand the difference between sex and gender. Biologically, there are only two reproductive genital organs that are determinants of sex: the vagina and the penis. Sex is established solely through biological structures; in other words, genitalia are the basis of sex. Once a sex category is determined, gender, a human categorization socially attached to sex, is assigned based on anatomy. Gender typically references social or cultural differen...
Human beings have been, and always will be, dichotomized into either male or female. When determining a person’s sex we often look for differences in facial features, body shape or mannerism’s, but another promising way to determine a persons sex and one that is most often used today, is through gender roles. Gender roles are behaviors that portray masculinity or femininity. The theory behind gender roles through multidisciplinary viewpoints is the focus of this paper. Throughout history and in every culture these roles have shifted and transformed into what society says is expectable. In this analysis, gender roles will be examined through a sociological, biological and evolutionary scope.
Gender roles and identity are constantly shifting throughout different societal generations. Men and woman both have notable similarities and differences in genders and they each contribute to their personalities and actions. In the past men have been viewed as a more dominant sex in society over women, both in careers, home life, and sexually, however, today women have bridged many of the gaps and society is accepting a more equal view of genders. The following examines the similarities and differences between men and woman by looking at biological characteristics, gender roles, and sexual responses.
One of the major biological differences between males and females are hormones. Hormones that were once thought to only be important for pregnancy and sexual drive are now shown to have profound effects on just about every organ in the body.(*) Some researchers believe that higher exposure to estrogen, in females, or androgens, in males, during fetal development not only causes the sex organs to form but also predisposes the infant to behavior that is typically associated with one gender or the other. (*) For example, girls that were exposed to higher than normal prenatal levels of androgens were more likely than other females to engage in “boy-like” behavior and to play with boy’s toys eve...