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The word "telos" in ancient Greek meant: "goal, target, mission, completion, perfection". The Greeks seem to have associated the attaining of a goal with perfection. Modern scientific thought is much less sanguine about teleology, the belief that causes are preceded by their effects. The idea is less zany than it sounds. It was Aristotle who postulated the existence of four types of causes.
It all started with the attempt to differentiate explanatory theories from theories concerning the nature of explanation (and the nature of explanatory theories). To explain is to provoke an understanding in a listener as to why and how something is as it is. Thales, Empedocles and Anaxagoras were mostly concerned with offering explanations to natural phenomena. The very idea that there must be an explanation is revolutionary. We are so used to it that we fail to see its extraordinary nature. Why not assume that everything is precisely as it is because this is how it should be, or because there is no better way (Leibnitz), or because someone designed it this way (religious thought)? Plato carried this revolution further by seeking not only to explain things - but also to construct a systematic, connective epistemology. His Forms and Ideas are (not so primitive) attempts to elucidate the mechanism which we employ to cope with the world of things, on the one hand, and the vessels through which the world impresses itself upon us, on the other hand. Aristotle made this distinction explicit: he said that there is a difference between the chains of causes of effects (what leads to what by way of causation) and the enquiry regarding the very nature of causation and causality. In this text, we will use the word causation in the sense of: "the action of causes that brings on their effects" and causality as: "the relation between causes and their effects".
Studying this subtle distinction, Aristotle came across his "four causes". All, according to him, could be employed in explaining the world of natural phenomena. This is his point of departure from modern science. Current science does not admit the possibility of a final cause in action. But, first things first. The formal cause is why a thing is the type of thing that it is. The material cause is the matter in which the formal reason is impressed.
according to Shakespeare was considered in relation to the meaning of the institution and the necessity of heterosexuality within it (Manderson 479). The case was initially decided in favor of same-sex marriage, and later was appealed and heard for a final time on 27 September 2004 at McGill University to a packed audience, an event which is the subject of this paper. While “Love on Trial” is an exercise in the connections between law, literature, and the social function of Shakespeare, it also performs
blood and married Hamlet’s mother. Hamlet’s fatal flaw, however, is procrastination, the theme of which causes his eventual downfall. The question then is, “Why does Hamlet procrastinate so badly when the fate of his father’s soul rests in his hands?” The answer is simple: Hamlet is so strong in his moral code is subconscious cannot and will not allow him to kill King Claudius. He mind causes him to delay his task as much as he possibly can because his morality will not allow him to take a life.
Normalization of Violence in the Hunger Games Violent video games, violent movies, violence depicted in songs and music videos, violence in the news, violence in homes, schools and other public places; as individuals who live in today’s society, we encounter violence in almost every aspect of our lives. It is seeded in our mediums for entertainment and also in our general lives, whether we encounter it personally or from second hand information or experience. This is commonly referred to as the normalization
The 2013 publication of Sir Hilary Beckles’ historical economic narrative on Britain’s Black Debt: Reparations for Caribbean Slavery and Native Genocide re-ignited the Reparations debate in the West Indies. There are clear proponents in the form of politicians, governments and regional bodies: Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of St Vincent and the Grenadines and CARICOM, and detractors as evidenced by a number of articles and letters to the editor appearing in regional newspapers since the launch
their country, then he needs to stand for what he is fighting for. The soldier fighting an unjust war is not the same as the soldier fighting a just war. The soldier fighting the unjust war is supporting an unjust cause and should not be treated as equal to the soldier supporting a just cause. Even if both soldiers are fighting in a just manner, it does not take away from the fact of what they are fighting for. One cannot say that because a soldier is fighting justly, he has to be treated equally even
edu/workshops/wittgenstein/files/2008/01/langton- speechactsunspeakableacts.pdf) Others take it as a form of entertainment and escapism storytelling. The dictionary definition of pornography is sexually explicit pictures, writing, or other material whose primary purpose is to cause sexual arousal. (http://dictionary.reference.com/) Theories from feminist Andrea Dworkin, Catharine A. Mackinnon, Robin Morgan, Nadine Strossen and Jennifer Saul as well as researching crime involving pornography was used to see how the degree of
Individual and Collective Power Based on Mosca and Weber In literary works by Gaetano Mosca and Max Weber, the idea of "power" can be extracted and further understood by examining related notions of power such as the "ruling class" and "legitimate domination" presented in them respectively. In particular, through the analysis of power, the distinction between individual and collective contexts of power becomes evident. That is, a difference in the idea of power is apparent when in the hands
this racist precedent, producers and directors understood that visual messages, however latent, were a useful means of communicating a political message to a large audience. After this epiphany, a myriad of films were made for different political causes. Most films had multiple messages, and among them were conservative themes against the Hispanic race. A prime example of a filmmaker who had numerous ideas as to the problems and solutions of race issues in America was Orson Welles. His Touch of
Throughout the text of Milton’s Paradise Lost, we can see many instances of binary relationships connecting separate conceptual ideas. The construction of "authorship" in the poem exists as a good example of just such a relationship. This theme incorporates two very different ideas in the poem, and is central to the understanding of issues concerning the creation and use of power. The attention Milton gives to each character, and their specific personality, allows us to interpret their actions
is a good point especially when one considers how a political official has a great deal of influence on how power is distributed throughout a government. In order for those in a position of power, such as political officials, there must be a just cause by which the dominated submit themselves to authority (Weber 1958). Weber explains that there are three different types of legitimized authority. The first authority that Weber describes is the authority is rooted in the ancient ritual and tradition
Paper proposition Thesis: Haiti is a country that’s been subject to poverty and underdevelopment for as long as we can remember. However, before its independence, the former French owned colony of St Domingue was the most fruitful and profitable colony the kingdom had, so much that it was even called the crown jewel of France. After the country declared its independence in 1804, it was shunned both politically and diplomatically by the rest of the world. In this paper we will explore how between
Jewish Involvement in Shaping American Immigration Policy, 1881- 1965: A Historical Review This paper discusses Jewish involvement in shaping United States immigration policy. In addition to a periodic interest in fostering the immigration of co- religionists as a result of anti- Semitic movements, Jews have an interest in opposing the establishment of ethnically and culturally homogeneous societies in which they reside as minorities. Jews have been at the forefront in supporting movements aimed
QUESTION 1. Appraise the role and limitations of the use of the military in countering terrorism. Militaries in traditionally sense were structured, trained and professionally charged with defending nation states against threats generated by adversarial nation states. For military to succeed in their primary responsibilities they needed to master strategic art, modernize their equipment, update intelligence and technology alongside the capabilities to sustain. As the threat structures evolved into
Shakespeare in Contemporary Movies In the middle of Looking for Richard, Al Pacino's documentary about making Richard III and bringing Shakespeare to the people, there is a moment which illuminates the relationship of scholarship, Shakespeare and popular culture. The director is ranting at Pacino for offering (threatening?) to bring a Shakespearean scholar into the film: You said you were going to find a scholar to speak directly into the camera and explain what really went down and I'm telling
[1] The People vs. Larry Flynt celebrates America for “being the strongest country in the world today only because we are the freest,” as Flynt once said. The problem is, that while the film triumphantly exhibits the (seemingly obvious) “evils of censorship,” it hypocritically censors out the most controversial parts. The film champions free speech yet is not able to visually depict the potentially harmful material that the First Amendment defends. The content in Flynt’s Hustler magazine absolutely