LAW ENFORCEMENT INTELLIGENCE PROCESSES
The fundamental key for any successful intelligence mission is the ability to access information from the different intelligence disciplines: Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Measures and Signals Intelligence (MASINT), Human Intelligence (HUMINT), and Open Source Intelligence (OSINT). These five disciplines are in essence the only way for the analyst to gather information, short of actually traveling the world to investigate hands on.
The development of intelligence within the law enforcement field began in the early 20th century as a collection method during the investigation of organized crime organizations. The Sicilian crime families across the United States were the focal point from the 1940s to the 1980s, which were known as the La Cosa Nostra or the Mafia.
During the 1980s, law enforcement realized that other organizations were sprouting up into a new era in organized crime. Today’s analysts are responsible for investigating and analyzing information on other non-traditional crime organizations like drug cartels, outlaw motorcycle gangs, street gangs, and various other non-Sicilian Mafia organizations.
The common denominators in all organized criminal activities are violence, corruption, and organization. The problem of dealing with the new non-traditional organizations is that there is not an extensive amount of information on each organization spanning over the last couple of decades. New information must be acquired, recorded, and filed. Modern technology has been crucial in the latter for creating databases.
One of the most imperative pieces to completing any organized crime scenario are the day in and day out facts of how the organization was ran, what people were contacted, and the different types of activities that were illegally preformed. The analyst must be able to obtain information in order to make an analysis of what or who may or may not be at the root of a crime(s). This type of information can be found in law enforcement files, which are now moving towards electronically storing information. The analyst must be especially computer literate in order to research criminal activity and association.
One device that the analyst has available is the Internet. Although this is not the only open source information-collecting device, it is one of the most commonly used open source methods. The problem of the “wheat versus chaff” can be realized very easily at any search engine. The Internet can be a very valuable tool for the analyst, but can also be a very time-consuming and an overwhelming obstacle if the analyst does not know how to overcome the problems of over-information.
O Pioneers!, a novel by Willa Cather is a dramatic romance. The story takes place in a Farm outside of Hanover, Nebraska. This story is set in 1997. This story is about a romance in two different relationships.
Willa Cather’s O Pioneers presents the land as symbolic and vital to the course of the plot. As a force of nature so powerful that it can crush the efforts of any settler in a fleeting moment. This display of supremacy presents itself in the opening lines of Cather's novel, in which she introduces the land as not only the setting but an active character within the story. When Cather’s states, “One January day, thirty years ago, the little town of Hanover, anchored on a windy Nebraska tableland, was trying not to be blown away,” she incarnates the spirit of the settlers within the land. As the novel progresses, the idea that one must be a force equal in strength to the land is apparent in the protagonist character of Alexandra Bergson. O Pioneers brings the works of Fredrick Jackson Turner and Solomon Butcher to life, through Alexandra and her affection for the land, Cather, gives a voice and a human persona to the expanding frontier, showcasing the lands innate ability to shape its own destiny.
Organized crime is a collective result of the commitment, knowledge, and actions of three components: (1) Criminal groups, who are core persons tied by racial, linguistic, ethnic or other bonds; (2) Protectors, who are persons who protect the group’s interests; and (3) Specialist support, which are persons who knowingly render services on an side-job basis to enhance the group’s interests. In order to thrive, an organized crime group needs many different elements. First, it needs an ensured continuity of members, clients, supporters, funds, etc. Additionally, it needs structure, criminality, violence, memberships based on common grounds, and a willingness to corrupt a power and profit goal. Generally, mafia organized crime groups disguise themselves behind the ownership of a legitimate business to avoid questioning from the Internal Revenue Service (I.R.S.) regarding any financial sources. The ille...
South, David. The History of Organized Crime: Secrets of The World’s Most Notorious Gangs. New York: Metro Books, 2013. Print.
Gang involvement has been quite higher than past years. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey estimates that about 32.4 percent of all cities, suburban areas, towns, and rural counties had a gang problem (Egley et al., 2010). This represented a 15 percent increase from the year 2002. The total number of gangs has also increased by 28 percent and total gang members have increased by 6 percent (Egley et al., 2010). This shows how relevant gang related activity is in today’s society. More locations are beginning to experience gang activity for the first time. Gang crime has also been on the rise in the past...
The problem of transnational criminal organization poses some unique challenges to the law enforcement community. The scope of these organizations’ activities and personnel creates exponentially more work for law enforcement than relatively isolated or contained criminal acts by individuals or small groups. Random and personal crimes committed by individuals can usually be handled by police at the local level, as the investigation is limited to the known crime (or crimes) that have been committed and reported. In these cases, identifying and apprehending the perpetrator is possible through investigation of the evidence of the specific instance of crime. This is not the case with large criminal organizations. The scale of criminal activity committed by transnational criminal enterprises dwarfs those committed by lone “local” offenders. Organized criminal enterprises have a pattern of wide-scale criminal activity on a daily basis that involves the participation of many individuals. Transnational criminal organization are somewhat like the mythological nine-header Hydra – when one of its heads was cut off, it would quickly grow back. So, in order to any impact on the organizations as a whole, law enforcement must target their leadership and coordinate their arrests. To achieve this end, law enforcement must work meticulously to identify the entire scope of the criminal enterprise’s operations and map of it organization – identifying key personnel and associates. Not only that, but in the course of this intelligence gathering, law enforcement must also gather credible evidence that will help bring about a conviction in court. A main analytical technique that can be used against transnational criminal organization is network ...
The fight against organized crime in Canada continues to be a popular topic of discussion amongst academics, law enforcement agencies, politicians, and the Canadian populace as a whole. Of particular concern is what constitutes the best practices to effectively combat against the crime perpetrated by criminal organizations residing in Canada and abroad. As a result, in November of 2009, experts in the field of organized crime gathered at a summit entitled, The Best Practices to Combat Organized Crime Research Workshop in Ottawa, Ontario to discuss innovative ideas and effective strategies to aid in the effort to eradicate the presence of organized crime in Canada.
Intelligence-led policing is a policing model that is built around assessment and management of risk. In order to understand intelligence-led policing you have to understand what intelligence is. Intelligence is defined as information that is analyzed and integrated in order to be useful. Intelligence-led policing focuses on key criminal activities, and once identified through intelligence assessments key criminals can be targeted. In the United State intelligence-led policing has mostly remained the same other then some minor changes like the creation of fusion centers. Fusion centers are intelligence-gathering units that serve various agencies, these centers support anti-terrorism and other crime-specific objectives. Examples of intelligence-led
Personal narratives serve as an important tool to documenting the history of peoples and cultures. Through letters, spoken word, or autobiographies, traditions and cultures are preserved through stories. Everyone has a story worth telling, and in the three works: Halfbreed, To Marry an Indian: The Marriage of Harriet Gold and Elias Boudinot in Letters, 1823-1839, and Pocahontas: The Hostage Who Became Famous, the stories of three brave and strong women in history are told. All three of these stories illuminate the histories of women who struggled with self-identity, societal views, and a changing cultural climate in North America.
Unfortunately, these criminals are not just fictional characters. Organized crime is a major issue not only in the United States, but around the globe. In recent times, criminal organizations have become increasingly transnational, meaning they are not limited within the borders that they originate in, as a result of the Internet and advances in communication technologies. Crime syndicates like the Yamaguchi-gumi, the Russian mafia, and the Sinaloa Cartel pose immense threats to many nations outside of their own. Evidently, it is important to understand what exactly these criminal organizations are. This paper will attempt to define organized crime, describe the common structures of criminal organizations, and detail efforts made by the federal government to control organized
A land has many aspects to it, it’s made up of seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall. There are trees, waving grasses, rolling hills, parched deserts, lush forests and more. The land is moody, inconsistent, and prone to fits of temperament and few characters aside from Alexandra seem to understand the meaning and beauty of such an inhospitable display of behavior. The land can affect the way we feel and act. While reading Willa Cather 's, “O Pioneers” the story introduces a family of Swedish immigrants farming in Nebraska. The Bergson 's family faces the same difficult struggles as other homesteaders, but Alexandra Bergson is determined as ever to see what the land has to offer. After her father dies, she takes up the challenge of making the farm a viable enterprise while other immigrant families are leaving their land
Human rights are essential entitlements of all persons and the method to end unnecessary suffering. In the Charter of the United Nations, signed in 1945, the term ‘human rights’ was mentioned seven times. The United Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948 and is also celebrated as International Human Rights Day. Its key purpose is focused on promoting and protecting human rights. This declaration affirmed the commitments of member states to respect a wide range of human rights. The UNDHR aims to bring human rights into the spotlight of international law. All members adopted the declaration as a common standard of achievement for all people and countries. The foundation of international human
Intelligence is one of the first lines of defense tool used by the United States to protect the Country against both foreign and domestic threats (Johnson, 2010). It proved to be veritable tool during the World War II and during the cold war against the USSR. There are many ways and methods of intelligence collections employed by the intelligence community, such as “spies, eavesdropping, technical sources, and openly available materials” etc. (Clark, 2013). Method used also depends on many factors such as available resources, time, agency involved, and intelligence collection source. Each intelligence agencies use different collection and analytical method that suit their collection function, structure and process. For example, DNI/OSC
The media has promoted a dominant view of how people should perceive beauty, and what consists of perfection in beauty. According to Dr. Karin Jasper, the media have women encouraging them to be concerned with their outward appearance and how others perceive them by surrounding everyone with the ideal female beauty. (Jasper, 2000) Body image has become a particular concern for young girls and women, often females work diligently to attain the perfect body image advertised in mass media. (Gibbs, 2010) When women are not able to obtain their ideal body goal, many develop negative feelings and become self-conscious about their bodies. Conversely, it is not possible for someone to look like a model in ads, someone without blemishes, scars, or pours. Another study conducted in 2012 showed contemporary media and culture has defined a women’s social desirability in terms of their bodies. For females, this has often resulted in comparing themselves to bodies shown in advertisements, commercials, magazines, etc. however not all body
With the world changing and advancing with technology, criminal organizations are taking advantage of new opportunities. The advancement of travel, ease of communication, and an increase in demand, has all contributed to the globalization of crime. Every nation has been affected by the globalization of crime and the problem continues to grow.