Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are caused by the aggregation of abnormal proteins in neurons. An essential component of cellular function is the correct assimilation of proteins in the cell. Proteins fold into specific structures and then carry out cellular functions. However, when this folding process runs amuck, abnormal proteins are introduced into the cell. In neurodegenerative diseases, these protein aggregates are characterized by having genes which contain too many CAG trinucleotides repeats that encode for polyglutamine (polyQ). Having too much polyQ leads to the gene products being converted to a proteotoxic state. All in all, disruptions in protein folding lead to an overabundance of CAG repeats which results in an overproduction of polyQ which raises the toxicity of the cell to levels that effect the cell's functions.
Through experimentation, this paper attempted to find the threshold for the number of CAG repeats that determines whether cellular function will be disrupted by the protein aggregates. Molecular genetic studies have already established than normal chromosomes (and genes) contain fewer than 30-34 CAG repeats. This paper attempted to prove that 35-40 CAG repeats results in cellular toxicity levels that severely disrupt cellular function.
To address the connection between the CAG threshold (thus, the polyQ aggregation) and cellular toxicity, a species of worm, Caenorhabditis elegans, was used during experimentation. (C. elegans are good model organisms to study human neurodegenerative disease not only because C. elegans' neurons resemble vertebrate neurons at cellular and molecular levels, but also because many genes are conserved between worms and h...
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... aggregation causes cell toxicity, or if the aggregates are a benign product of some other, yet unknown process that causes the detrimental effects. If future research reveals that glutamine aggregates promote cell toxicity, we can direct research on how to inhibit these aggregations to slow down or possibly reverse the course of the disease.
2.) How aging in the infected organism influences the progression of Huntington's disease:
Experiments with C. elegans expressing the age-1 genetic mutation not only had an extended the lifespan, but also had a delayed onset of Huntington's disease. This suggests that a substance produced as an organism ages can catalyzes the toxicity of Huntington's disease. With this in mind, further research could hunt for what this aging-related catalyst is. Blocking this substance may slow down or halt the progression of the disease.
Neurotransmitter binding may also cause metabolic changes such as the activation of secondary messenger systems. Efficient neurotransmitters must satisfy two requirements: the level of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft must be kept low in order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio upon binding of fresh transmitter to its receptor; and the second requirement is the rapid replacement of a transmitter that is released from a presynaptic terminal (Glutamate and Glutamine in the Brain, 2000). I am choosing
Understanding Huntington's Disease Huntington's disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntington's is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder. So if one parent has it, and passes the gene on to a child, that child will develop Huntington's disease if they live long
varies according to the disorder; for some it may be pharmacological, for others talking therapies and for some a combination of both (Toates, 2010, pp.1-27) Mental health problems may be due to psychosocial and biological factors. There is no single cause for mental health disorder. Mental illnesses can be caused by a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors. Heritability is suggested to be one
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Nutrition and Digestion Part 1 Nutrition in humans is a product that require to supply the human body to function, nutrients also helps to prevent any disease in human organs. A Nutrients Definition Role and Function Deficiency Symptoms Carbohydrates Is an important extract that contain the glucose were the body is in needed to form energy. Provide muscle energy, fuel for the nerve system, the fat metabolism and protect the protein to been used as energy Extreme weight loss, irritation
Medical nutrition therapy and the critically ill Abstract Nutritional support was an often neglected but essential and crucial element in management of critically ill. The medical nutrition therapy is fast replacing the concept of supportive nutrition in critically ill patients. Adequate and proper nutrition therapy has the potential to positively impact patient outcomes and length of hospital stay. It is relatively inexpensive compared to other treatments, and is being increasingly identified as
The patients with Parkinson’s were given a high intensity exercise to measure the binding potential of 18F-fallypride, a measure of the amount of D2 receptors available (11). In addition, the turning performance of the patients was observed to measure changes in coordination. The induction of exercise with individuals with Parkinson’s showed enhanced performance in the turning task administered
Introduction In modern medicine industry, biological techniques are widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical biotechnology products are the medical products extracted from native biological sources and used for therapeutic or in vivo diagnostic purposes. Normally, these biological products include proteins, such as antibodies, and nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. However, as the high sensitivity to external environment, the stability of biopharmaceutical products are easily
refer to extracts of foods claimed to have medicinal effect on human health. Nutraceuticals are a large and diverse class of compounds, which occur naturally in plants. Although these compounds are considered non-nutritive, many of them possess antioxidant, anti-oestrogenic, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties that might potentially be beneficial in preventing diseases and protecting the stability of the genome. The term ‘nutraceutical’ was coined from ‘nutrition’ and
2.1. Artificial Insemination (AI) : Development of techniques for the successful. .freezing of spermatozoa has progressively evolved over the. .past 60 years (Kucuk et al., 2014). At the beginning of 20th century Ivanov initiated Investigations on artificial insemination (AI) of sheep , whose. .studies on diluting media and reproduction led to the development and the practical application of AI in farm animals, reviewed by (Bohlooli et al., 2012). Artificial insemination offers. .many advantages