PRINCIPLES OF STUDY OF COMMUNICATIVE BORROWING PROCESS.
SuleymanovaV.T.
The chair of English language teaching methods and practice, SamSIFL
Annotation the article investigates analysis of communicative borrowing and some specific peculiarities of$ English borrowings and confirm some hypotheses. The aim of the article is to study out and to explore language borrowing in a communicative way. Key words: loanwords, process, civilization , communicative borrowings, significant reflection, cultural invasion , influence.
Where two different languages have contact over a certain period of time they will surely influence each other. Words might be taken over from one language and are adopted to the other. This process is called
…show more content…
The historical and geographical isolation that has brought about race differentiations is naturally favorable also to far-reaching variations in language and culture. The races, cultures and languages that are brought into historical contact tend to assimilate in the long run. Therefore, language borrowing can be assumed to be a culture-oriented and contact-induced, activity carried out by native speakers of different languages. It is normally influenced , as has been discussed above, by external factors such as military conquest, national policy, geographical neighborhood, economic power, colonization and immigration, trade, religious spread, tourism, cultural and personnel exchanges, and especially public media. It virtually constitutes an important means of culture diffusion and language promotion.
As we see there are many communicative borrowings in English. They render the culture of international people and eastern countries and it is very important to study them and reveal national specifics of communicative culture.
References:
1.Trask R.L. The Story of Basque. – USA: New York Press, 1997. – P 447; 262–361.
2.Illich I. Shadow Work. – Boston and London: Marion Boyars, 2011. – 379 p.
3.Sapir.E. Language an Introduction to the Study of Speech. Cambridge University Press.2014.272p
4.Bloomfield L. Language – Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2001. – 564 p.
5.Sapir.E. Mandelbaum D. Selected Writings in Language,Culture and Personality. – USA: University of California Press, 1985. – 617
Fromkin, Victoria & Rodman, Robert. An Introduction to Language, 6th edition. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace, 1998
Another difficulty cultures deal with is language and the way people speak. In some cases, people struggle to belong by making changes in the way they speak the English language just to be assimilated. They attempt to use words and letters, as well as body language that fit in the norm; all in an attempt to denounce their original intonation and style of pronunciation. One ...
...e, Geneviève, and Armin Schwegler. Creoles, Contact, and Language Change: Linguistics and Social Implications. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub., 2004. Print.
Even nowadays, there still an issue that connected with language and related to cultures such as cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Cultural relativism is a behavior in one culture that should not be judged by another’s value system which basically is a belief of own culture practice with respect and understand the different of other culture. While ethnocentrism is the opposite of cultural relativism. It is the ideal that one’s own culture is the main standard and better than other cultures such if other’s culture practice is contrary to your cultural norm, that practice would be immediately wrong. In Language Myths provide many examples of this issue in many chapters which I will be discussing below.
When I finished reading a piece of ‘How to tame a wild tongue’, I went on a journey to recall if I had a similar situation. In the reading Anzaldua implies that her language has been alienated through constant heat from both sides (English and Spanish), through this quarrel emerged a new language that was neither English nor Spanish “but both” (Anzaldua, 77). The journey – proves Anzaldua’s point - recalled past events that clearly pointed that what I speak is neither English nor Spanish but a variation of both. This occurred to me when I would talk to friends, I would include words that were officially incorrect in English or Spanish, but they were a part of my culture. For instance, when I would speak to my friends, we would use certain
There is a verbal confrontation in the semantic field that talked associations amongst men and ladies are described by miscommunication. There are etymologists, for example, Lakoff and Tannen who assert that there is distinction in how men and ladies utilize dialect. This prompts the contention that maybe it is miscommunication that structures a noteworthy trademark amongst men and ladies' talked collaborations. There are others in any case, for example, Cameron, who differ and guarantee that distinctions are misrepresented and centered around excessively, for reasons other than dialect.
Most people who grow up with a foreign language spoken in there house grow up with an advantage in society. This advantage can only occur once the individual learning that foreign language also learns the dominant language spoken in that country. Once both of these languages are learned and mastered, the individual has now placed them se...
—. Language: Readings in Language and Culture. 6th ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1998. Print.
Tan, Amy. "Mother Tongue." Across Cultures. Eds. Sheena Gillespie and Robert Singleton. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999. 26-31.
In the first paper we established the influence that culture has on language and the subsequent influence that dominant cultures have on lesser cultures through intimate interaction. We used two historical examples of France and its cultural influence on both Russia (an invited influence from the Russian monarchy) and England (an uninvited influence as a result of the Norman invasion). Now we examine the consequences of language as a social institution utilizing the same subjects (France, Russia, and England). We begin with the definitions of key terms:
As we mentioned above, one of influences that has made changes in English language over time is foreign
The Concentric Circles Model proposed by Kachru is a method encapsulating the “types of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional domains in which English is used across cultures” (Kachru, 1992: 356). On the basis of these three characteristics, the scholar divided countries into three groups: The Inner, The Outer and The Expanding Circles. The Inner Circle refers to countries traditionally regarded as the bases of English, that is, nations where English is the mother tongue of a substantial part of the popula...
In various societies, people use several different languages in conversations between their friends, family and peers. Especially in Singapore, it is not an unfamiliar phenomenon to hear two or more bilingual speakers speaking and code switching between the language English and Chinese, English and Malay, English and Tamil or even Standard English and Singaporean English to each other in a natural and effortless manner. In this line, I have mechanistically relate speech varieties with “codes” and despite having a vast variety of definitions for code switching to choose from; I have decided to use Heller’s definition. Heller (1988) defines code switching as the alternating between two or more languages in a single sentence or conversation. During this phenomenon, it is common for individuals to fluently use more than one language in a course of a single communication episode. When this happens, bilinguals are not coached in how to code switch, but instead, they rely on unconscious linguistic understanding in differentiating between what are tolerable and intolerable code switching usages. According to Auer (1989), factors such as cultural interaction, intercultural marriage, education, and colonization are some influences for code switching. Moreover, speakers may choose to alternate from one code to another, either to distinguish oneself, to show commonality with a social group, to discuss a certain topic, join in social happenstances, to impress and influence the audience or to express feelings and affections (Crystal, 1987). However, there has been a misconception in many people’s perception, that “code switching is bad”, “code switching creates confusion” and that “code switching will result in a language deficit where individ...
People live in the world of communication. According to the Oxford Dictionary of Current English (Moore, 1997), communication is defined as, “The activity or process of expressing ideas and feelings or of giving people information”. The significance of communication can be found within the context of a human existing as a social being. As a human being manages his or her life in the course of the interaction between other members of the entire society, communication is inevitable. Communication occurs through the medium of a language and it is presented in two different forms which are written and spoken (Brown & Yule, 1983: 1-10). The importance of spoken performance of a language is becoming more prominent over the written performance capability. It is because the ability to speak a language reflects a person’s personality, self image, knowledge of the world, ability to reason, skill to express thoughts in real-time (Luoma, 2004: ix). These days, due to the global trend of internationalisation, the ability to communicate in English is needed as an essential skill. Whenever the international exchange happens, the use of spoken English entails. However, it is not always an easy task for people who use English as a second language to be able to speak to the level of a native speaker. They have to perfectly understand the sound system of English, have almost instant access to proper vocabulary and be able to place words together intelligibly without hesitation. Moreover, they also have to perceive what is being said to them and need to be able to respond appropriately to acquire amiable relations or to accomplish their communicative goals (Luoma, 2004: ix). Therefore, non-native English speakers encounter these barriers and they are subject to make mistakes often. In relation to this matter, this essay argues that there are socio-cultural factors as well as linguistic factors that affect non-native speakers’ communication in English. It provides analysis of several different situations when the use of spoken English has generated miscommunication problems in regards to author’s personal experience.
Pragmatics Aspects: Deixis and Distance, reference and inference, conversational implicature, anaphoric and cataphoric reference, presupposition, entailment, direct and indirect speech acts and speech events, cultural context and cross cultural pragmatics, conversational analysis and background knowledge, denotation and connotation meaning, the four maxims and hedges.