CONTENT
Introduction …………………………………………......……..… 3
Main body
1. Language acquisition ………………………….….….......… 4
2. The stages of language acquisition ……………....…......….. 5
2.1. The prelinguistic stage ……….….........…...........… 7
2.2. Babbling ………………………........…...........…… 7
2.3. One-word utterances ……………..…....…...........… 9
2.4. Two-word utterances ……………..............…..….... 10
2.5. Telegraphic speech …………………........…...…… 13
2.6. Language learning during the pre-school period ….. 16
3. The critical period …………………………………….......… 17
4. The summary of behaviours to expect of children with normally developing speech and language …… 19
5. The language acquisition cannot be sped up ………….……. 20
6. Tips to help develop speech communication in a child …………….…………….. 22
Conclusion ………………………………………….…………….. 24
Bibliography ………………………………………...……………. 25
INTRODUCTION
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.
Still today, it is the commonly held belief that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment. Linguists too had the same conviction until 1957, when a then relatively unknown man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his theory that the capacity to acquire language is in fact innate. This revolutionized the study of language acquisition, and after a brief period of controversy upon the publication of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his theories are now generally accepted as largely true. As a consequence, he was responsible for the emergence of a new field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which deals with children’s first language acquisition. He was not the first to question our hitherto mute acceptance of a debatable concept – long before, Plato wondered how children could possibly acquire so complex a skill as language with so little experience of life. Experiments have clearly identified an ability to discern syntactical nuances in very young infants, although they are still at the pre-linguistic stage. Children of three, however, are able to manipulate very complicated syntactical sentences, although they are unable to tie their own shoelaces, for example. Indeed, language is not a skill such as many others, like learning to drive or perform mathematical operations – it cannot be taught as such in these early stages. Rather, it is the acquisition of language which fascinates linguists today, and how it is possible. Noam Chomsky turned the world’s eyes to this enigmatic question at a time when it was assumed to have a deceptively simple explanation.
Further in this term-paper I am going to describe the stages in child language acquistion starting from the very birth of an infant till the onset of puberty.
LANGUAGE ACQUISTION
There are many facts that are intriguing about the language.
American Eagle Outfitters (AEO) differentiates from its competitors because it’s a leading global specialty retailer offering latest trends that are high-quality and affordable. The source of competitive advantage is the quality of their clothes and their environmentally friendly fabrics. American Eagle Outfitters is a high-quality and inexpensive brand of their two competitors Aéropostal and Abercrombie and Fitch. AEO centers in every category of purchaser such as kids, tweens, teens, and adults. American Eagle Outfitters has further stores open globally and their product line is more assorted than its competitors and its name brand and logo is known world-wide.
Norms for consistency was another determinant of why Abercrombie decided to commit to reinvesting in its brand. Leaders are expected to take action when they encounter difficult situations. This expectation derives both from the public and from the employees as well. Thus, it was necessary for Abercrombie’s executives to act. Abercrombie believed that if they stay consistent with their efforts, the results were going to be positive. However, rebranding has proven to failed for several years
Achilles is half-divine because he is the son of the goddess Thetis and a mortal, Peleus. He is by far the greatest warrior in the Trojan war and is considered to be “worth an entire army” (p.134). The very sight of him throws fear into the hearts of, otherwise courageous warriors. A true man of war, Agamemnon calls him, “ the most violent man alive” (p 107). With his fierce nature and taste for war also comes his prideful ways. When this delicate pride is damaged by the public disgracing Agamemnon brings upon him by taking his war prize, he selfishly decides to withdraw from battle. Achilles goes to his divine mother for the malicious reason of asking
American Eagle Outfitter is a leading worldwide specialty store offering superior quality of current movement clothing, accessories and personal care products at reasonable prices under its American Eagle Outfitters and Aerie brands. The company operates stores in the United States, Mexico, Canada, Hong Kong, China, and the United Kingdom with more than one thousand stores. The company was started in 1977. American Eagle Outfitter ship to eighty-two countries internationally through its online services Bethel University 2017).
Corrective feedback has been in the focus of research in SLA during the last years and has become an important part in learners’ language acquisition. Ellis (1994) referred to feedback as “the information given to learners which they can use to revise their interlanguage.” He also distinguishes two different kinds of feedback, positive and negative feedback; positive feedback has to do with the information that indicates that a hypothesis is incorrect.
Many of Ibsen’s plays highlight a character’s need for freedom and their struggle with isolation within their society as portrayed in Hedda Gabler. Society causes Hedda to think and act the way she does; Hedda is perceived as a charming, intelligent, stunning young woman, but underneath her guise she is a vile, manipulating human being. Her intention of being married is because she believes that it is better to get married at 25, which she considers old, than become old and lonely. She makes it evident that she gets married because she feels that she was becoming too old: “I really had danced myself out, Judge. My time was up” (251). When she states that her “time was up” it implies that she gets married because she had to and time was something she did not have. An additional societal restraint during this time was that woman such as Hedda were expected to be married because they were elegant and metaphorically, put on a pedestal. Many upper class men leaned towards marrying woman like her because society made it that way. In turn Hedda ends up marr...
-Motives: as American Apparel’ is known for “Made in USA”, the company targets customers with motives that when they buy American Apparel’s product, they not only buy a hip clothing but also support to create jobs in USA.
Henrik Ibsen's character, Hedda Gabler, is a woman who is torn between her desires and the expectations required of someone of her social standing. At the onset of the play, Hedda has been married for six months, but she still clings to her maiden name, as evident in the title of the play, “Hedda Gabler.” Her reluctance at accepting her new name is symbolic of her dissatisfaction of being married; she misses the freedom of being single, while at the same time longs to be married to an aristocrat, to someone who is more important in society than her husband is.
A child goes through various stages in language development before they have a complete social understanding. When a child is born, they already have perceptual abilities, and can understand the speech sounds of any language, but, by 12 months the child loses that ability, and their understand of the sounds in their own language increases. Werker and Tees (1984) conducted an experiment and found that infants of 6-8 months could distinguish changes in speech sound, but by the time they were a year old, the could no longer hear the differences. Around 11-12 months, a child will begin to speak their first words, and will begin to apply labels and begin to name things, which stems from their pretend play. By 2 to 3 years old, a child will begin to understand everything that is said to them, and by 3 and a half years, their speech becomes more adult like. By 4 and a half years on, children have a much better understanding of language, and an understanding of metacommunication, such as tone, body language
Language acquisition during early childhood could be determined by a biological explanation. This may show how the brain is wired so children can acquire language ev...
Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler portrays the societal roles of gender and sex through Hedda as a character trying to break the status quo of gender relations within the Victorian era. The social conditions and principles that Ibsen presents in Hedda Gabler are of crucial importance as they “constitute the molding and tempering forces which dictate the behavior of all the play's characters” with each character part of a “tightly woven social fabric” (Kildahl). Hedda is an example of perverted femininity in a depraved society intent on sacrificing to its own self-interest and the freedom and individual expression of its members. It portrays Nineteenth Century unequal relationship problems between the sexes, with men being the independent factor and women being the dependent factor. Many of the other female characters are represented as “proper ladies” while also demonstrating their own more surreptitious holdings of power through manipulation. Hedda Gabler is all about control and individualism through language and manipulation and through this play Ibsen shows how each gender acquires that or is denied.
When most people think of the process of language development in “normal” children, the concepts that come to mind are of babies imitating, picking up sounds and words from the speakers around them. Trying to imagine that a child who cannot hear one single sound a person makes can learn to speak a language is absolutely fascinating. These children range from amazin...
American Apparel is a story of rags to riches and back to rags. It rapidly grew into one of the most well known and most controversial clothing companies in the world. The company began with a simple goal, making a profit selling local and ethically-manufactured blank t-shirts, sweatshirts, and jeans that were moderately priced. American Apparel managed to disturb the entire fashion industry with it’s unique identity, constantly pushing the envelope with its controversial methods of branding. The logo-free garments became an iconic uniform for young liberal adults. How could this company quickly become a symbol of what is cool and edgy and equally as fast file for bankruptcy?
Chomsky (1968) suggests that children are born with an innate specialised mechanism in their brains (Language Acquisition Device) that allows them to identify the structure-dependence of a language and to be able to use these structures efficie...
Stephen Krashen is one of the experts when it comes to language acquisition. He has theorized on the subject of second language acquisition for years and has been quite influential in this field of linguistics. He approaches the subject of second language acquisition by presenting his five theories for acquiring a second language. Aida Walqui is another expert; however, she approaches the subject from the aspect that contextual factors are involved in second language learning.