A simple experiment can be performed to see what animal and species the blood from the scene is from. In order to determine if the blood was from a human or a rabbit, blood from both species needs to be obtained. Depending on if you are able to obtain a sample of blood from the human who was shot, it would make this experiment much more accurate. Once the blood from these species is collected antibodies need to be eluted from each sample. The antibodies are eluted already from the unknown sample of blood that was collected on the scene, so the next step can take place. Antigen-antibody interactions cause agglutination if the proper antibody is produced for a particular antigen. Agglutination is when the antibody binds the antigen, and this …show more content…
On the agarose plate, there should be a visible chalky white line. This line can vary depending on how the unknown sample interacted with the purified antibodies of the known. If there is a clean semicircular line that has no delineations at any of the wells then that means the unknown antibodies acted as an antigen. The smooth line tells us that all the antibodies interacted with the antigen equally and they would all be from the same species; this hopefully would not be the case. If the white chalky line is not smooth and extends more towards the human antibody wells, this means the unknown was a stronger antigen to the human antibodies than the rabbit antibodies making it not human blood at the scene. If the line is extended more at the rabbit antibodies or angles towards them, this signifies greater rabbit antibody interaction. This shows that the blood from the scene would not be rabbit blood because it caused the antibodies to be recognized as an antigen to the rabbit’s antibodies. These antibodies of the two species would then be classified as xenogeneic because the rabbit or human antibodies acted as an antigen to either of the known samples. Rabbit and human are not close in species, so that is why xenogeneicity can be concluded if these were the results. Given these two circumstances, a conclusion can be made what type of blood was found at the scene in the park. This experiment is not instantaneous for results, but I believe it is a quick way to determine what species the unknown sample of blood is from. Different experiments could follow up to get a more accurate account determining what species the antibodies came from. All in all, the Outchterlony Double Diffusion experiment is a quick easy way to determine the species from the blood found at the scene in the
The blood of the unknown person became apparent through comparing the blood type found at the crime scene with the contrasting blood types of the suspects. The blood identified at the crime scene could have possibly belonged to Anna Garcia or Erica Piedmont. This observation was based on the information that the blood type found at the crime scene was type A and these two individuals are the only ones that carry that specific type. In similarity, a microscopic photography was taken of the unknown hair follicle found at the crime scene. Then hair samples were taken from the potential suspects, and the victim. These findings were then compared. This was done by looking at each individuals hair follicles and comparing it with the unknown one. By looking at the similarities and differences in medulla diameter, the discovery of the unknown hair follicle became established that it belonged to Anna Garcia. Further examination resulted in the analyzation of a shoe print found at the crime scene. Shoe patterns and sizes were taken from each suspect, including the victims. They were then identified and compared to the one found at the crime scene. By looking at the distinct pattern, size, and the fact that both shoes were a Columbia brand sneaker it became obvious that the shoe print was extremely similar to Anna’s shoe design. Through this found evidence it became
Diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture and the hematological features. A sample of the patients’ blood is mixed with sheep’s blood and if the patient has mono, the sheep’s blood cells will stick together. Antibodies to sheep or horse red blood cells are positive in 90% of cases.
To be able to determine which task the immune system needs to take to fight off the pathogen, it must be able to differentiate between self and non-self-substances. The immune system gets activated by the non-self-substances called antigens. The antigens attach to special receptor sites on defense cells which starts cell processes. If the body has come in contact with the antigen before, it will be able to respond to it more quickly (PubMed Health).
Benedict, Biuret, Iodine and brown paper bag tests were conducted in order to identify various macromolecules which might be present in the two unknown substances given. Qualitative data was gathered on the bases of clarity, viscosity, odor, state of matter and most importantly color change. The data gathered was then complied in table two of this lab.
Upon receiving the unknown Microorganism (M.O.) #16, I prepared a slide by cleaning and drying it. Then, using a bottle of water I placed sterile drop of water on the slide and used an inoculating loop, flame sterilized, I took a small sample of the unknown growth in my agar slant and smeared it onto the slide in a dime sized circle and then heat fixed it for ten minutes. After ten minutes had passed, I collected the ingredients needed to perform a gram stain. I got the primary stain, crystal violet, and flooded my smear for sixty seconds, and then rinsed the color off with water until the water ran clear. I then flooded the smear with the mordant, grams iodine, and let that sit on the slide for sixty seconds as well. I then rinsed the grams iodine off with water and applied alcohol to the smear to decolorize the cells; however I made sure not to over decolorize and only put enough drops on the smear till the purple ran clear. I then rinsed the slide with water and flooded the smear with safranin the counter stain and let it sit for sixty seconds and then rinsed the color off with water. I blo...
From these experiment many questions and future studies are brought to the table. Some questions about the experiment may include the reliability of the test suspects. Due to the different lifestyles and conditions of each test subject it could have and affect on the results of the experiment. Also the article states that there could have been a mistake in the values of PD__AMP. A future study similar to this may be hookworm’s effect on other disease like issues in the immune system. It would relate to the past two studies because in both of the previously done studies it tested the hookworm’s effect on issues with the immune system. The future studies could be improved by making the test suspects in the most similar conditions and lifestyles as possible. Also they could use a larger number of test subjects to have more accurate results.
When the first responder got to the scene he adimatately meet the 911 caller, who lead him to a car in an apartment parking lot. The car doors were closed and all of the windows were fogged. The police officer used his flashlight to see inside of the car before opening the door. He found a young African American woman who had been shot several times. The officers quickly called for backup, investigators and medical personnel. While awaiting for their arrival he secured the crime scene with caution tape, creating an initial perimeter setup as discussed in lecture two. Once everyone arrived he left it to them to search the car while he talked to the 911 caller, witnesses and others who had information on who had been present in the car. The investigators were able to collect physical evidence of bullets and cartage casings that were found outside the vehicle and inside the vehicle on the floorboard of the driver’s side. The team determined the bullets came from a 40 caliber. Other types of physical evidence that were found on the scene were the bloody clothing on the victim, the victim’s cell phone and fibers in the car from the driver’s side. personnel at the scene crime took several photographs, powered test for finger prints and did a blood spatter analysis. Stewart’s autopsy revealed that she had been shot at close range in the left hand once and in the
In order to reconstruct a crime scene, analysis must classify the bloodstain spatter, and there are many way to classify blood stain patterns: bloodstain spatter by velocity and bloodstain through taxonomy. In the classification of the bloodstain spatter by velocity, there are three basic categories of stain groups...
Renart J, Reiser J, Stark GR. "Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl-paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1979 Jul;76(7):3116-20.
Whole Milk: We did not conduct any tests on the Whole Milk, because we had already identified the other samples. The only remaining unidentified milk sample was A and the only milk type we hadn’t named yet was whole milk. Therefore by using the process of elimination, we were able to conclude that “A” is whole milk.
Using antibodies in cattle is a big ordeal to some. Antibodies are to help the cow cure any sickness and prevent anything from spreading. When cows get a sickness such as pinkeye or pneumonia etc. an antibiotic called LA200 is used. LA200 can be used for almost all illnesses in any livestock. In our herd we use it a lot because if a cow gets sick we do not want the others to catch it. With using antibiotics it also has its setbacks. Since we use antibiotics for our cattle certain places will not purchase the cattle because they are not all natural such Chipotle. Also when giving the cows a needle injection of antibodies, the meat around the needle puncture is no longer edible. This topic is important because we are a ranch family with a little
Blood stains are one type of evidence that can be found at a crime scene. Blood that is still in the liquid form should be picked up on a gauze pad. Once the blood is dried thoroughly it should be refrigerated and sent to the Laboratory (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 1). If the blood stain is found dried on clothing, the officer should wrap the piece of clothing in clean paper and place it in a sealed and labeled container. An object with dried blood stains needs to be sent to the Laboratory if it is small enough. If the object is too large to send, then using a clean knife the stain needs to be scraped onto a clean piece of paper, which then can be folded and placed in an envelope (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 2). When collecting autopsy blood samples, the officer should request that the pathologist obtain the sample directly from the heart and place it in a yellow or purple stoppered vacutainer. If the victim is still alive but in serious need of a blood transfusion, then the pre-transfusion blood sample needs to be obtained promptly before the hospital discards it (Andrus et al., n.d., para. 4). It is important for the Laboratory to receive all blood samples within 48 ho...
When a suspect’s weapon is examined in the lab, it will be test fired into a box filled with cotton or a tank of water to provide the examiner with the bullets and cartridges with a known history. Using a microscope, the known cartridges are compared with the ones in question. With some patience, skill, and a little luck, experts can definitively say that a certain firearm and no other fired this bullet, or ejected this cartridge.
The agglutination principle is commonly used by serological quantitative assay to quantify unknown antigen or antibodies in a biological fluid. As all the Antibody isotypes are divalent or polyvalent, one antibody can bind to several antigens which will form chain linkage and clumping of antigen, giving rise to a lattice formation (antigen and antibodies complex). The lattice structure form by clumping of antigens and antibodies is process call agglutination. There are two types of agglutination reaction which are direct and indirect reaction. (jacquelin, 2002) The direct reaction is the binding of antibodies with the antigen intrinsically found on the particle’s surface and the indirect reaction is the binding of antigens with antibodies which are coated on particles (latex beads). (parija, 2009) Haem agglutination test is a specific form of agglutination test that involves red blood cells. This haem agglutination test is divided into active and passive groups, which