B. IMPLEMENTING
SUN SITE SHADE SITE
Thickness of bramble leaf/ mm
0.31
0.30
0.25
0.26
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.26
0.33
0.32
0.29
0.25
0.35
0.34
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.25
0.33
0.36
0.31
0.37
0.34
0.27
0.36
0.28
0.29
0.22
0.17
0.24
0.19
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.18
0.16
0.22
0.16
0.19
0.22
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.16
0.22
0.21
0.18
0.19
0.15
0.20
0.16
0.21
0.19
0.18
Mean bramble leaf thickness / mm
0.30
0.19
Light Intensity / mV
At 10:30
7.81
At 13:00
8.34
At 15:30
7.65
At 10:30
3.89
At 13:00
4.02
At 15:30
3.76
Mean light intensity/mV 7.93 3.89
Aspect of Site
South East
South East
Results
In order to investigate the effect of light intensity on bramble leaf morphology, it was decided that thickness would be the particular morphological feature that was going to be investigated. It was felt that the best possible use was made of the equipment and sites available in order to attain reliable data under the time constraints involved.
The sample size for this investigation was set at 30 – this allowed a reasonably large sample and thus reasonably confident conclusions and tests are possible for the Analysis and Evaluation sections. However, a sample size of 30 is still small enough in order to feasibly collect data within the allocated time period.
The two sites chosen were suitable in order for valid data to be collected and compared. The two sites were comprehensively distinct sun and shade sites. As can be seen on the photograph, the sun site had virtually no major branches or trees in its vicinity and thus a lot of light was able to shine on the leaves. In contrast, the shade site was surrounded and shadowed ...
... middle of paper ...
...ns, it has to be stated that the validity of the results have been undermined and the conclusion is certainly stated with less confidence. The accumulation of so many sources of error seems to suggest that the conclusion may even be an altogether incorrect one due to unreliable collection of data. However, the sources of error do not change the conclusion itself. Pieces of evidence such as the significant differences in means, use of standard deviation and the comprehensiveness of the t-test suggest that the conclusion is still a valid one. Although the data is not completely normally distributed, the 99.999% confidence at which the t-test accepts the hypothesis is considerable. Certainly, these limitations suggest that that percentage is unlikely to be that high, but given the nature of the investigation and results ascertained, the conclusion is still a valid one.
These leaves will also have no threat of excessive transpiration because the temperature in the shaded area will be lower and the humidity probably higher. Transpiration is the removal (evaporation) of water from a plant through the stomata in the leaves; this water is removed in a cycle due to the active uptake from the roots. Transpiration involves osmosis; which is the diffusion of water from a high concentration to a lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane, until both the concentrations are equally saturated. All these factors i.e. transpiration and photosynthesis, come together to confirm my hypothesis. To support my hypothesis further, I did a pilot study in a meadow in which I studied the population of certain plant species in areas of
... not limited to photoselective ones, with plant responses differing, even among cultivars of the same plant (Stamps, 2008). Because it is a relatively new technology concept, it requires further research to demonstrate and elucidate the effects of coloured shade nets. The above experiment is an example of the research that can be undertaken to confirm the effects of light colour on spinach beet cicla cultivation.
Photosynthesis happens in leaves so this experiment was conducted with foliage. Foliage is just another way of saying leaves. These leaves have been group together and they also have roots in the soil. The height of the plant above the soil was about 4 inches tall. All of the plants weighed 3 oz. the five plants had differences on their leaves. Plant A had solid green leaves. Plant B was green but it was lighter in the middle of the leaf. Plant C had a red stem and there was a red thick band on the edge.
In this laboratory, the degree of absorbance for the pigments in a leaf sample were observed using mechanisms that involved pigment isolation from a leaf extract, obtaining wavelength measurements, and displaying the measurements on an absorption spectra.
...y. The small sample size made the results a little less reliable, especially since the subjects were taken from only one fire academy instead of multiple which created random bias.
Keim, R. F., Dean, T. J., Chambers, J. L., & Conner, W. H. (2010). Stand Density Relationships in Bald Cypress. Society of American Foresters, 56(4), 336-343.
...le would be more than that of American beech because sugar maple produce more seeds than American beech. Furthermore, we study whether the two species co-exist via reciprocal replacement, habitat preference or merely by chance. We believe that habitat preference may be the mechanism of coexistence here and therefore we hypothesize that there will be more American beech tree neighbors as they may represent the most biomass as per our third hypothesis. Thereafter, root sprouting is effective in American beech to give them a greater horizontal growth than sugar maple. Hence, we hypothesize that sugar maple canopies will be less asymmetrical than American beech. Finally, because a nearby canopy may restrict a tree canopy growth in the same direction, we hypothesize that a tree will grow its respective canopy away from its neighboring canopy to receive maximum sunlight.
The other statement being tested in a test of significance is called the alternative hypothesis or Ha. In our study this statement states that the percentage of nuts in 52g candy bars does not equal the percentage of nuts in 96g candy bars. The H0 is proven to be true as our P-Value of .72. The P-Value is the probability that the test statistic would take a value as extreme or more extreme than that actually observed, assuming that H0 is true. The larger the P-Value is, the stronger the evidence to support H0 provided by the data.
The effect of water quality on Vegetative measurements and photosynthesis indices of the trees are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were found between parameters: gs, shoot number in both years, but others were higher in RW application. Height of trees and leaf area in first year was not significant but in second year it increased by 42 and 29% respectively in application RW. Photosynthesis rate appears significantly higher (23.4 µmol m−2 s−1) in plants receiving recycle water than clean water.
Another aspect of the results that I would like to point out is that our experiment only used 10 subjects, who were not randomly picked. Only 20 subjects were used in the experiment conducted by Desrocher, smith & Taylor (1995). I don’t feel that these numbers of subjects (20 and 10) are enough to have conclusive results. In order to get an accurate sample of the population more participants should have been used in both experiments. This one fact may have been the reason why part of the results of Desrocher, smith & Taylor (1995) were not concurrent with other findings.
I chose to measure this growth by observing the number of stomata present on the underside of leaves exposed to the dark and to sunlight. Based on the idea that there are more open stomata present on leaves exposed to the sun, my hypothesis that 'Factors which might affect stomatal opening' (Light) there will be more stomata on the plants exposed to the light. Hypothesis = == ==
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Studies using quantitative research analyze phenomena by trends and frequencies (Al-Busaidi, 2008). The sample size is important. A small sample could change the outcome. It could be an overrepresentation of a small subgroup within the specific population. The risk of sampling errors decrease as the sample size becomes larger. How the sample size is determined and the way participants are invited into the research is included within the write up. The data collected can be from a multitude of methods including interviews, questionnaires, attitude scales, or observational tools. When asking questions, the choices are typically closed-ended with fixed answers. The data analysis for quantitative studies includes complex language and statistical tests. The researcher identifies what statistical method was used and the results. It is commonly understood that if the research descriptive in design use descriptive statistics; while correlational studies, quasi-experimental and experimental studies use inferential statistics. Tables, charts, and graphs are displayed within the resu...
A two-phase sequential explanatory strategy was used for the study. The two- phases are ordered in the sequence that was proposed as priority was placed on quantitative data collection and analysis. In the second phase, qualitative data was collected and used to refine the results of the quantitative data presented in the first phase.