To uncover organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid, by using tests like Benedict, Lugol, Biuret and Beta Carotene. Each test was used to determine the presents of different organic molecules in substances. The substances that were tested for in each unknown sample were sugars, starches, fats, and oils. Moreover, carbohydrates are divided into two categories, simple and complex sugars. Additionally, for nonreducing sugars, according to Stanley R. Benedict, the bond is broken only by high heat to make make the molecules have a free aldehydes (Benedict). As for Lipids, there are two categories saturated and unsaturated fats. One of the difference is that saturated fats are mostly solids and have no double bond (Campbell Biology 73). The Beta Carotene test works by dissolving in a lipid, thus giving it color to make it visible. Moreover, proteins are made out of amino acids that are linked by a polypeptide bond (Campbell Biology 75). The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether an unknown class sample or food sample had any carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins in it. The expected result of the lab was that some substances would be present while other would be absent.
A number of steps were taken in controlling and carrying out the experiment. Twenty healthy individuals were recruited and volunteers were excluded if they had any history of diabetes or glucose intolerance. Each subject kept diet records three days prior to each test meal and were to include a minimum of 150g of carbohydrate in there diets per day. Blood samples were collected before the test began and after a fasting period to get readings of each subject's blood insulin levels and blood glucose levels without any interfering data.
Following the procedure described in Appendix I of the lab manual, two oranges were placed on a cutting board and cut in half with a knife. Two oranges used to have enough juice for an accurate reading. Then juiced using a plastic juicer. The juice from the oranges was combined together and then strained through four layers of cheesecloth. 1.5 ml of the orange juice was then pipetted into each of 8 centrifuge tubes. After centrifuging the tubes at the maximum speed for 2 minutes, the supernatant was placed into a new 50 ml tube and divided equally into 2, 10 ml tubes. One tube being labeled pasteurized and the other unpasteurized. Following the procedure in Appendix II, the tube labeled pasteurized was placed in a 93°C water bath for 3 minutes,
Measurement of Ki of a competitive inhibitor (lactose)- For the third part of the experiment, three duplicates of 11 test tubes were set up exactly as in the previous step. The first duplicate was series A while the second duplicate was series B and the last one was series C. Series A did not contained any inhibitors so additional water was added to each tube. Series B contained the 50mM lactose while series C contained the 150mM lactose. The amounts of buffer, ONPG, and water added to each tube in each series are listed in detailed in tables 4, 6, and 8. The Lineweaver- Burk plot of each series was created using the same steps used in the second part of the experiment. Then, the obtained line equation from each plot was used to calculate
During the Organic Molecules experiment, four reagents were used to test for the presence of three of the four basic categories of Organic Molecules, carbohydrates, lips, and proteins, in control substances and Cheerios. For carbohydrates, I was testing, specifically, for the presence of reducing (polysaccharides) and non-reducing sugars (monosaccharides). Carbohydrates, both reducing and non-reducing, are important to the cell because they act as an energy source and are an important factor in building and the structure of important sugars like Ribose. Monosaccharides are important, specifically, because they are sources of nutrients to cells. An example of this would be glucose. (Campbell, 2014, 68) Non-reducing sugars, such as starch, serve as storage for cells and are hydrolyzed and broken down when sugars are needed for the cell. Some polysaccharides, such as cellulose, are used for structural purposes in cells. In plants, cellulose is
In this experiment we are trying to identify an unknown acid or base and its concentration by using the method of titration. The pKa values and the titration curve help aid in identifying of the unknown. In our case we had a base as our unknown (analyte). The use of a certain amount of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid will be used to titrate the unknown solution that is given. This is the tirant. We used hydrochloric acid as our titrant. We achieved a pH of 5.56 at an end point of 10 milliliters. The unknown’s concentration was around 0.098 M at pka(s) of 6 and 7. The sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid are called titrant and it is contained in a container called burette. The unknown solution is held in an erlenmeyer flask. The purpose of the experiment is to measure the weak acid and base by neutrilizing it and determining the unknown acid by titration.
Banana: the banana showed small stripes of yellow within the sample, it indicated that within those areas enzymes have broken down the starches.
Carbohydrate Utilization: The test result for the phenol red lactose broth was positive for acid and negative for gas. The positive result for the acid means that the organism is able to ferment the particular sugar lactose. The Durham tube did have gas in it which means the organism produced gas in the lactose broth. The rest result for the phenol red sucrose broth was negative for both acid and gas. This means the organism was not able to ferment in sucrose. The organism was also not able to produce gas in the sucrose broth.
In lab 10, biological macromolecules and enzymes, the main purpose was to perform standard chemical tests for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids and to also model enzymatic digestion of protein and starch under conditions simulating the stomach and intestines. According to the lab, one of the main objectives that we concentrated on in this lab were being able to describe the function of enzymes in the digestion of food. This was done in part one, two and three of the lab. Another main point was to be able to describe the chemical tests performed on food and explain the results, which can be demonstrated in all parts of the lab. Another main point in this lab was to be able to model the gastric
In this lab, we conducted four experiments. Each of which that was tested for different macromolecules, such as, monosaccharide, polysaccharide, protein, and lipid.
They had to examine it at their lab. The results came up once they put it in the examinator, the results were a chemical that makes the candy that drinks it
The objective of this lab is to test enzyme productivity, whilst evaluating the factors that
In the first experiment, we had four test tubes containing a solution of Milk + Lactase, Milk + Water, Sucrose + Lac...
Table 2 represents the data compiled for unknown substances #6 and #7. When substance #6 was tested for the presence of protein, it did change color from blue to yellow, however this color change indicated a negative result. According to the results gathered in Table one, Part one of this lab, a color change from blue to light purple indicates a positive result; not blue to yellow. When Iodine
The unknown substance is probably a carbohydrate because it tested positive for starch which is a polysaccharide. This reaction also had very similar results as the Lugol’s test for potatoes which is a polysaccharide. Although the colors from the test for potatoes were not the same colors as the test for the unknown; the Biuret test had a slight color change and the Lugol’s test had a dramatic color change for both the unknown and potatoes. I am sure that the unknown was a starch, but the Benedict’s test for sugar was positive for the potatoes while the Benedict’s test for the unknown didn’t have a color change. The unknown probably did not have a color change for the Benedict’s test simply because there were not enough sugar present in the unknown for it to test positive. The Sudan IV Test for Lipids did not test positive for the unknown nor the potatoes because there isn’t a trace of lipids in starch. Based on my results, the unknown has a little protein, a lot of starch and no traces of lipids or