L-Carnitine: An Unnecessary Ergogenic Aid
WHAT IS L-CARNITINE?
L-Carnitine is a naturally occurring amino acid which plays a vital role in the metabolism of fat. It functions as a transporter of fatty acids into the mitochondria, the metabolic furnace of the cell.
L-carnitine was discovered in Russia, and one year later in Germany. The proper name, Carnitine, refers to the Latin origin, (carno, caris). Its structural formula was decoded in 1927, and its physiological significance was understood by the 1960's. (http://www.hlthmall.com/l-carnitine.html) L-carnitine is synthesized in the liver and kidneys, from two essential amino acids, lysine and methionine. This synthesis requires the presence of vitamins niacin, B6, and iron. Most (98%) of the carnitine supply resides in the body's muscle tissue. Approximately 80% of the amino acids our bodies need is endogenously synthesized, the remaining 20% are referred to as the essential amino acids. The supply of such aminos, like l-carnitine, must be supplemented exogenously. L-carnitine is available in the following food sources: red meat, diary products, avocado, and tempeh. Although a well balanced diet can provide approximately 75% of what the body is lacking, often conditions arise that make it difficult to obtain all the carnitine one needs.
It has been established that an adequate supply of l-carnitine is necessary for the maintenance of good health. L-carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane to be metabolized. L-carnitine aids in the release of stored body fat, tryglycerides, into the bloodstream for energy. Tryglycerides are the major source for the production of energy in the heart and skeletal muscles. Access to l-carnitine ...
... middle of paper ...
... metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogen. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25 (6): 733-40.
2. Fukusako T., Negoro K., Tsuda N., Kato M., & Morimatsu M. (1995). A case of secondary L-carnitine deficiency due to anorexia nervosa and severe liver damage. Clinical Neurology, 35 (1): 34-7.
3. Krabbe J. P., (1996). L-Carnitine. Training- Nutrition, 332. (http://www.cyberiron.com/supplement/carnitine.html)
4. McCarty M. F., (1995). Inhibition of citrate lyase may aid aerobic endurance. Medical Hypotheses, 45 (3): 247-54.
5. Vukovich M. D., Costill D. L., Fink W. J., (1994). Carnitine supplementation: effect on muscle carnitine and glycogen content during exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 26 (9): 1122-9.
6. Williams M H., (1992). Ergogenic & ergolytic substances. Medicine & Sports in Sports & Exercise, 2 (suppl 9): S344-8.
Shi X, Gisolfi CV. Fluid and carbohydrate replacement during intermittent exercise. Sports Med 25 (3): 157-172, 1998.
Cannell JJ, Hollis BW, Sorenson MB, Taft TN, Anderson JJB. Athletic Performance and Vitamin D. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise. 2009;41(5):1102-1110.
Most of the side effects arise from creatine drawing water into the body compartments where it has accumulated. This may not sound too serious, but If not compensated for with adequate fluid intake, other body tissues may be deprived of much needed fluids, especially during strenuous exercise. It is very important to remain well hydrated while taking creatine. Drink at least 1-2 ounces of water daily per kilogram of body weight while supplementing. An increase in body weight is the most widely accepted side effect attributed to creatine use. Gastrointestinal distress is the secondly most common side effect reported. Incidences of stomach cramps, nausea, and diarrhea are more commonly reported during use when greater amounts of creatine are consumed each day. These side effects are due to the presence of large quantities of undissolved creatine particles sticking around within the intestinal compartment. As creatine use in athletes is still relatively new, there are no known long-term effects. There is research for long term effects, but it is too recent for anything to be available.
Yesalis, C.E. Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. (2nd Ed.) 2000. Human Kinetics, United States.
When it comes to service, facilities need to go above and beyond the ordinary to add value. For example, the facility needs to provide meals. Having various options and settings adds value.
López JR, Linares N, Cordovez G, Terzic a. Elevated myoplasmic calcium in exercise-induced equine rhabdomyolysis. Pflugers Arch. 1995;430(2):293–5. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7675639.
In other words, the company cannot be good at everything. Moreover, to achieve Service Excellence it is needed to compromise some of the service attributes, mainly by reducing the ones that the targeted group of customers values less, in order to focus on the improvement of the service’s qualities that the customers want most.
Change is an integral aspect that every individual retains. Change highlights our identity and thus gives us deeper insight into the individual development. Therefore, composers accentuate on change to expose its importance and purpose (maybe its effects on the individuals thoughts in the society). In addition, the text, the planet of the apes, composed by, Franklin J. Schaffner establishes change as an important element that constructs the person’s growth and personality. Similarly, the text the life and crimes of Harry Lavender, written by Marele Day reinforces change as a critical attribute that needs to arise within the individual’s body and the society. Ultimately the two authors uncover change as a significant occasion that needs to ensue in every individual so; they can overcome tough situations and allows them to extend their physical characteristics.
Zeithaml, V., Parasuraman, A., & Berry, L. (1990). Delivering quality service: balancing customer perceptions and expectations. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster.
This would affect the employee’s effectiveness in his work where this would lead to other barriers like a lack of communication where this would make the employee to feel angry and frustrated because of the email that was sent. The ways the barrier can be overcome is by not sending such emails and speak to the employee face to face or by telephone where tis would make the employee to feel that they are surer what is being said instead of relying on technology to make sense on what the other employees are saying.
The Service Management Excellence is not a short term phenomenon. It provides principles and techniques that will endure in the long run. Excellent service is not a yoke; it is imbedded in the way exceptional organizations ...
Lovelock, C.H. Patterson, P.G. Wirtz, J. (2011). Developing service products: core and supplementary service elements. In: Burgess, P. Stanley, J Services Marketing. 5th ed. Frenches Forrest NSW: Pearson Education. 97 - 126. (Lovelock, Patterson, Wirtz. 2011)
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.
According to (Lennan, 2008) service delivery is the provision of public goods or social , economic or infrastructural services to those who need them .The Education and Training Unit (2009 internet source) defines this as the supply or ability to provide basic services to the public and these have a “direct and immediate” consequence and impact on the...
(1) efforts to improve the quality of their services, and (2) efforts to market themselves more effectively. Both service quality and services marketing have received considerable attention from researchers over the years and the application of these concepts in the service settings is therefore not surprising (Parasuraman et al., 1985; Rust and Oliver 1994; Zeithaml et al., 1990). One evidence of the importance of service quality and service