Introduction:
Pitchers do several overhand throwing which involve fine coordinations of all body segments (MacWilliams, Choi, Perezous, Chao & McFarland, 1996). “Pappas et al. described baseball pitching as a sequential activation of body parts through a link segment beginning with the contralateral foot and progressing through the trunk to the rapidly accelerating upper extremities” (MacWilliams et al., 1996). There is a rise of concern among the sport medicine practitioners for the number of baseball pitchers with elbow injuries appears to be increasing. The baseball pitchers use multi-joint movements, which are joints that rotate due to muscle, gravity, and interaction torques. There has been previous research that suggests that the main risk factor may be due to overuse of the muscles, such that risk of elbow pain correlates with the number of pitches thrown in a game and in a season (Fleisig, Weber, Hassel & Andrews, 2009). Therefore, to minimize future injuries/risks a proper experiment must be done to determine which potential changes in muscle function would be most beneficial for (i.e. muscle torques at different joints and the underlying muscles forces) learning a skilled throwing movement (Jindrich, 2014).
* FOCUS ON UPPER EXTREMITY*
There have been some studies that suggest practice of the muscle forces of key players (wrist, elbow, and shoulder) in opposing and modulating with interaction and gravity torques in the upper extremity should cause an improvement in pitching skills (Hirashima, Kudo, Watarai & Ohtsuki, 2006). Such as in Masaya Hirashima and her colleagues research, they found that participants utilized the interaction torques to generate a larger velocity during internal shoulder rotation, elbow extensio...
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The elbow is a hinge joint, moving in only one dimension (flex or extend), making it relatively simple from an architectural and functional standpoint. The humerus bone in the upper arm connects to the two bones of the forearm by means of various connective tissues. For a pitcher, one of the most important of these connections is the unlar collaterial ligament (UCL). The UCL offers much of the stability that is necessary for the elbow to withstand the extreme stresses created by throwing a baseball at high velocity. Its function is to stabilize against lateral forces and to keep the arm connected across the joint space.
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When one throws a baseball properly they are using there entire body to generate a large force to propel the baseball. A general throwing position starts with a person rotated 90 degrees from there target with there throwing arm 180 degrees from the target and parallel to the ground. The person then starts rotating their body back towards their target while there throwing arm starts bending until it is almost 90 degrees to their elbow, while the arm is bending at the elbow the throwing arm is rotating such that the arm rotates back almost 180 degrees from the target. Meanwhile the person is leaping forward with the leg that was initially pointed at the target while there other leg is planted into the ground. The person is bending at their waist and the other arm is rotating into their body. Around the point where the driving leg strikes the ground the throwing arm is rotating foreword at a tremendous angular speed and the person lets go of the ball. At the point where the ball is let go the persons body pulls the planted leg forward and the throwing arm finishes its motion towards the driving leg.
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Through college Eric Davis was a baseball player who was forever looking for a way to improve his pitch, or how he could train better for longer without consequences to his body. “I was constantly looking for new ways to improve my body, or the way I did things. I was always interested in finding how much I could do without causing injury.” (Davis)
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