Kaposi Sarcoma is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. This type of cancer usually appears as tumors on the skin or on mucosal surfaces such as inside the mouth, they also appear in the lymph nodes, the lungs, or digestive tract. The skin lesions of Kaposi sarcoma are normally on the legs or face, the lesions are usually purple, red, or brown blotches or tumors. KS can become life threatening when the lesions are in the lungs, liver, or digestive tract. If a patient has KS in their digestive tract then it can cause bleeding, but KS in the lungs can cause trouble in breathing. There are a couple different types of Kaposi Sarcoma including, Epidemic /AIDS-related KS, Classic Kaposi Sarcoma, African Kaposi Sarcoma, …show more content…
Most of those people’s tumors developed slowly. In AIDS patients, the cancer can develop very quickly and involve the lungs skin and other organs. In people with AIDS, Kaposi sarcoma is caused by a combination of HIV, a weakened immune system, and the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). People who have kidney or other organ transplants are also at risk for Kaposi sarcoma. African Kaposi sarcoma is also common in young adult males living near the equator. Additionally, one form is also common in young African …show more content…
There are several test that can be performed to diagnose Kaposi Sarcoma including: physical exams, chest x-rays, and biopsies. For physical exams doctors will exam the body to check for general signs of health. This includes checking the skin and lymph nodes for sighs of disease, like lumps. A chest x-ray is done of the organs and bones of the chest, to look for Kaposi Sarcoma in the lungs. A biopsy is the removal of cells or tissue so it can be viewed through a microscope to be checked for cancer. An endoscopy or bronchoscopy may be done to check for Kaposi sarcoma lesions in the gastrointestinal tract or lungs. Some treatments for Kaposi Sarcoma are, Antiviral therapy against HIV, Combination chemotherapy, freezing the lesions, and radiation therapy. Lesions may return after treatment. Treating Kaposi sarcoma will not improve the chances of survival from AIDS. The prognosis depends on the person 's immune system and how much of the HIV virus is in their blood. There are always possible complications including, bloody coughing, shortness of breath, leg swelling, and infections may occur in the lymph. Kaposi sarcoma can be deadly for a person with
If a lymph node is still enlarged then a lymph node biopsy is the only way to find out for sure, a sample of the lymph node is looked at under a microscope this procedure can be done at a day surgery unit and a patient can usually return home that same day. A CT scan can also be used to take a picture of the whole body to see all of the nodes that are affected and it can tell doctors on the best course of treatment for each individual patient. Once diagnosis of lymphoma it is also important to find out if the cancer has spread to the bone marrow so further test will be done and it has become best practice that a CT scan and a PET scan should be carried out at the start and half way thought treatment to see how the cancer has been affected and if treatment needs to be stepped up or back depending
Treatment: Chemotherapy is on treatment method. Most infected people benefit from the treatments. To of the best drugs for treatment are Praziquantel and Oxamniquine. The side effects are mild and transient, some of then are as followed:
Human herpes virus (HHV-8) poses a challenging task for researchers determining its role in Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). People with KS are distinguished by their placement in four categories. The first category consists of elderly males of Mediterranean or Eastern European Jewish descent. The second category consists of individuals of all ages from Africa. Neither one of these categories is associated with immune deficiency or known environmental factors. The last two categories are associated with organ transplants or HIV-1. In all forms of KS males are predominantly affected.
Osteosarcoma, characterized as a neoplasm that produces osteoid, is a highly malignant tumor that develops predominantly in the metaphysis of the long bones, often in the distal femur and proximal tibia. More rare osteosarcomas may develop in the soft tissue. Although the malignancy usually arises in the medullary cavity of the metaphysis of a growing tubular long bone, less frequent growth patterns can develop on the surface on the bone. Surface osteosarcomas, as well as being significantly rarer, are also of a low grade, where else medullary osteosarcomas are of an aggressive nature, making it high grade. Osteosarcomas may also be confined to the cortex, and can even originate in an extraskeletal site.
Although there is no early detection test for mesothelioma, there are several tests that can be used to help in making the diagnosis of mesothelioma, including a chest x-ray, a CT scan, or an MRI scan. A chest x-ray yields an image of the lungs that will show many types of abnormal changes. A CT scan is a type of x-ray, but it uses a computer rather than film to create detailed images. An MRI scan uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer but does not utilize radiation to create a clear image. These tests help your doctor differentiate mesothelioma from other lung tumors as well as determine where the tumor is and its size. Your doctor may need to remove a tissue sample from the tumor or draw fluid from it to confirm it to confirm the diagnosis.
In addition to an endoscopy, a biopsy may be recommended. During a biopsy, a small piece of tissue is removed from an inflamed area. This piece of tissue is then examined in pathology in order to determine whether either disease is present or not.
The body is composed of cells. Normally, these cells divide at a composed and calculated manner. If cells die or are destroyed, the body creates more cells through the division of existing cells. However, occasionally, problems with some cells in the body may occur.
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the male’s testicles first then spreads to other parts of the body. It most commonly spreads to the lymph nodes after it spreads throughout the testicles. Testicles are part of the male’s reproductive system that makes testosterone, the male hormone, and sperm. It is treatable and can usually be cured. The signs of testicular cancer are lumps, swelling, and pain in your testicles. You can check for these lumps yourself, but it is better and more important to check with your doctor for lumps annually. Testicular cancer isn’t caused by much, but there are some risks.
The Phase I trial will be discussed here as it pertains to the topic at hand. The typical treatment for cervical cancer if surgery is not a viable option – like if the cancer has spread, then called locally advanced cervical cancer – is chemotherapy and radiation treatment at the same time. This phase I clinical trial is simply looking to add ipilimumab to this regimen, but once the chemo/radiation has been completed (LACC article). Chemo and radiation destroy tumor cells, which causes tumor-associated antigens to be released. Once released, these antigens are exogenous (outside the cell) and will be presented to helper T cells to initiate an immune response.
Cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow out of control; the cells don't die, instead they continue to divide into other abnormal cells. These abnormal cells invade other tissues; this type of cancer is called metastatic cancer. If these abnormal cells get into the lymphs or the blood stream they spread and replace all other normal cells, eventually taking over the entire body and killing the person. These abnormal cancer cells are caused by damaged DNA due to sun exposure, cigarette smoke, lifestyle choices, or inherited damaged DNA. (12)
Skin cancer is a disease that begins in cells, the building blocks that make up the biggest organ in the human body, which is the skin. Normally in the human body, skin cells grown and divide into many to form new cells taking place the cells that grow old and die. Therefore, skin cancer occurs when the orderly process goes wrong so there is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal meaning that it leads the skin cells to multiply rapidly and grow onto others tissues forming malignant tumors. Even though skin cancer forms in the skin, they are classified based on the types of cells where the cancer starts; Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Cancer is a deadly disease that affects millions of American families each year. In cancer, cell division isn't controlled. Usually, cells have to go through a set of checks and balances before they divide, in cancer that is nonexistent. The cells just keep duplicating until they eventually form disorganized clumps called tumors. Tumors can either be, benign, meaning that they do not possess the power to metastasize to surrounding areas. If a tumor has the power to metastasize, it is classified as a malignant tumor. In simple terms, a benign tumor is not cancerous, and a malignant tumor is. Cancer cells cannot perform the necessary functions they were created for. Some types of cancers, like pancreatic cancer, cannot be cured. Other cancers such as melanoma and breast cancer have high survival rates when caught early. The four major types of treatments used to treat cancer include, surgery to remove the affected organ, radiation, chemotherapy, or biological treatments.
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people 's defense systems against infections and some types of cancer. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count. Immunodeficiency results in increased susceptibility to a wide range of infections and diseases that people with healthy immune systems can fight off. The most advanced stage of HIV infection is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which can take from 2 to 15 years to develop depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections, or other severe clinical manifestations.
The emphasis on health and fitness has become paramount in our society today in an effort to prevent and combat diseases such as Cancers. Cancers are a group of over 100 diseases that affects every aspect of the human system from skin, to bones, to muscles, to blood. One of the most common blood disorders is Leukemia. As defined by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, Leukemia is a type of blood cancer that begins in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the soft tissue in the center of the bone that is responsible for the production of blood cells. The term leukemia means white blood. The term leukocytes refer to white blood cells, which are body’s defense against infections and other foreign substances. When Leukemia occurs there is an uncontrolled increase in the number of white blood cells. When this occurs, these cancerous cells inhibit the production of healthy red blood cells, platelets, and mature white blood cells. Over time the cancerous cells can spread to the bloodstream and lymph nodes. They can also travel to the Central Nervous System and the rest of the body.
Cancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.