This sub-theme states that the therapist should assure the child that he/she are in control as of the first encounter. The document explains three ways of doing so: listening, allowing the child to choose and control the conversation topic, and allowing time for silences. This stage is critical to the relationship building process and, in my opinion, should not be skipped. It is understandable that any child would feel anxious or become hostile towards a stranger, however, this document found that these feelings are often amplified with a traumatized child. Children that have experienced maltreatment have often had a lack of power and control in their lives. Giving the child choice and control could help him/her become more at ease, thus giving …show more content…
Perry in the situation represented in this data. Algood, Hong, Gourdine, and Williams (2011) explain that the ecological model helps obtain a better understanding of the cultural, political, economic, and demographic factors that frame a maltreated child’s context. For instance, in the case of the document analysed in this paper, socio-demographic information, such as, age and gender were either observed of documented in Justin’s files and charts. Information that could be gathered by exploring his micro-, exo-, and macro-systems, however, were not as clearly identified. This information is key to properly assess, diagnose, and treat the …show more content…
The exosystemic gives information about interactions between settings (Algood et al., 2011). In the context of Justin’s story, knowledge of this system would have explained many of the events that lead to the boy’s current situation, and where and why the opportunities for preventative measures were missed. In this system we learn that Arthur, Justin’s caregiver, was socially isolated, and that he did not receive proper support from child protection services. The second observation will be further discussed in the next section as one the main themes. Finally, Algood et al.’s (2011) article explains that it is critical to explore the macrosystem to gain a better understanding of the child and their family’s belief system, ideologies, and cultural values. This could help Dr. Perry understands his young client’s current situation and past decisions that could have led him to this point. Additionally, and, in my opinion, most importantly, the information found in the macrosystem is critical when choosing assessment and treatment
Both authors provide a inspiring job of giving an explanation as to why ‘The interaction of biological variables with environment variables results in pro-social or antisocial outcomes.’ (Karr-Morse. Wiley, 1999) There are various examples of this interaction in every chaper of the book relating in very different scenarios. This then makes the reader quickly take that this is the important essential that needs to be made that ‘children will reflect what they have taken biologically and socially.’ Karr-Morse. Wiley, 1998) This book does an amazing job of assessing an amount of issues which are related to child abuse and neglect which include for example drugs being used whilst the child is in the womb, the relationship between the child and parent; whether there is enough interaction, any influence of an primary
Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Parents. Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4), 158-162.
There can be some potential barriers when using TF-CBT. Therapists have to take into consideration that when having the session with the child and the parent, the parent may have experienced sexual abuse as well as a child, and this may open up some past wounds that have not been resolved (Foster, 2014). Foster (2014) also states there is a risk that a child and/or family may want to drop out due to the dynamics of the family, the severity of the symptoms of the child, the stress of the parent, whether or not if the parent believes in counseling, or if the child’s symptoms get worse before they get better and the parent takes them out of therapy.
According to the Child Welfare Information Gateway Website, “Individuals victimized by child abuse and neglect are more likely than people who were not maltreated to engage in juvenile delinquency, adult criminality, and violent behavior.” (Crime) Perry was indeed a juvenile delinquent. “He wasn't her baby any more but a wild thing, a thief, a robber. His first recorded arrest was on October 27, 1936 - his eighth birthday.” (Capote 184) Even at the age of 8, Perry was in trouble with the law. It only went downhill from there, unsurprisingly. Perry is a classic example of a juvenile delinquent’s predisposition to further criminal acts. He started on a criminal path young and never seemed to be able to escape it, as is the case with many juvenile
Macrosystem. The macrosystem is the outer most shell of the model that shapes the exosystem. These broad forces include culture, values, structures, institutions that create the environment in which the exosystem operates.
What happens during a child’s first years can be very crucial in how this individual turns out in adulthood. “Recurrence of episodes involving physical, emotional, or sexual abuse in the childhood.” (Diseases 1: Pais 3) Which means when a child experiences one of these traumatic events constantly they try to seek comfort. This is wher...
Precious’ mother and father were extremely abusive towards her and now at the age of sixteen, it’s Precious’ best interest not to interact with either parent. Precious’ mother blamed Precious for the sexual abuse she experienced and one may assume that during a session she would express her thoughts. This exchange can cause a regression in treatment success and can produce negative outcomes of the treatment (Yasinski et al., 2016). TF-CBT explains that treatment can be just as successful with or without parent involvement. Due to the severity of Precious’ trauma, it has become difficult for her to open up to new people. It can extremely difficult for an individual to be put in a situation that forces them to actively think about their traumatic experience, causing them to retract from going to session and completing the therapy (Pukay-Martin, Torbit, Landy, Macdonald, & Monson, 2017). I think that the fact that TF-CBT includes many sessions, Precious will have time to build rapport with her clinician instead of just jumping right into discussing and reliving everything she went through. This treatment will not only benefit Precious but it will also help her children. A component of this treatment is teaching parent skills. Precious was never taught how to be a good mother; she did not have a good example of what parents
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is one of the most commonly utilized interventions for children (Cary & McMillen, 2011). TF-CBT is a highly structured intervention consisting of 90-minute weekly sessions. The clinician works with the client through eight competencies, including psychoeducation, relaxation, affective expression and regulation, cognitive coping, trauma narrative development and processing, gradual exposure, joint parent/child sessions, and enhancing future development (Cary & McMillen, 2011). TF-CBT has an extensive history and many variations. Clinicians utilize a number of other cognitive behavior treatments that have been adapted to meet the needs of traumatized children (Cary, & McMillen, 2012; Smith et al., 2007). While there are a number of cognitive behavior treatments, TF-CBT has received the highest classification rating for supported and effective treatment from many studies (Cary, & McMillen, 2012; Kauffman Best Practices Project, 2004).
There are several domains that must be considered when treating a survivor of child abuse: the need for safety and trust, sense of belonging, protection from perceived or actual threats, facing the defendant in court, prevention of revictimization, and empowerment (Sawyer & Judd, 2012). Davis, 2005, states that “children terrorized through sexual abuse, neglect, physical abuse, or wartime atrocities may suffer from lasting wounds, nightmares, depression, and troubled adolescence involving substance abuse, binge eating, or aggression.” Victims of child abuse need to regain their sense of control over their lives. Experiencing healthy relationships, being nurtured by adults and helping them to learn resilience are all interventions that have been well-documented (Sawyer & Judd, 2...
There are many mental concerns associated with childhood abuse that can be major factors in the future of the child. Some children who have been abused go on to live balanced lives, whereas other struggle mentally in various aspects of life. A maltreated child has chances of showing symptoms of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, the necessity for social dominance, depression, dissociative identity disorder, as well a suicidal thoughts. Now, even though not only abused children develop into these various mental challenges, there are at a heightened exposure to these mental diseases as a result of their childhood trauma.
I believe that my relationship with the child must be warm and supportive (Axline, 2013: 23-35). Whilst my sessions are taking place, the girl must feel safe in order to ensure progress. If she feels comfortable in her surroundings she will be more willing to share he thoughts and opinions with me. It is very important for me that she unconditionally accepts me and that I unconditionally accept her (Axline, 2013: 23-35). This is where I must gain her trust. The first session consisted of an assessment, the second session is where I engage in play therapy. Here I need to build a consistent relationship with her using toys and verbal communication. I will also allow her to freely express her emotions during the sessions (Axline, 2013: 23-35). Whilst she’s playing with the sand and figures, I will encourage any emotions (as long as it stays safe). For me to be able to help her I need to assess her different emotions surrounding different situations.
Child maltreatment can affect any child, usually aged 0-18, and it occurs across socioeconomic, religious, ethnic or even educational backgrounds. Arguably, child abuse and neglect is a violation of basic human rights of a child resulting from social, familial, psychological and economic factors (Kiran, 2011). Familial factors include lack of support, poverty, single parenthood, and domestic violence among others, (McCoy and Keen, 2009). The common types of child maltreatment include physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, neglect, and sexual abuse among others. Abuse and neglect can lead to a variety of impacts on children and young people such as physical, behavioral as well as psychological consequences which will affect the development and growth of the child either positively or negatively based on the environment and agency. More so, emotional, cognitive and physical developmental impacts from child neglect in the early stages of childhood can be carried on into adulthood. Research findings reveal that the experience of maltreatment can cause major long-term consequences on all aspects of a child’s health, growth as well as intellectual development and mental wellbeing, and these effects can impair their functioning as adults. Commonly, the act of abuse/ or neglect toward a child affects the child’s physical, behavioral development and growth, which can be positive or negative, depending on the child’s environment and agency. Another way to understand how the act has affected the child is to look at the child for who they are, and interviewing and observing their behaviors of their everyday life.
The goal of the therapist is to prevent relationship breakdown, and relationship distress. The therapist can work on the client's communication skills, remove conflict, and increase commitment levels in the parental subsystem (Schofield, Mumford, Jurkovic, & Jurkovic,
Child maltreatment is a widespread issue that affects thousands of children every year. There are four common types of child maltreatment: sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. All of these types of abuse are very serious and can have many consequences for the children and families. The most common consequence of severe child maltreatment is the removal of that child from their home (Benbenishty, Segev, Surkis, and Elias, 2002). Most social workers trying to determine the likelihood of removal evaluate the type and severity of abuse, as well as the child’s relationship with their parents (Benbenishty et al., 2002).
According to Lisa Ware, "One promising treatment for families who have a history of child maltreatment is parent-child interaction therapy". This type of therapy focuses on the interactions that the child and the parent have. It coaches the parents in how to interact with their child the proper way. Along with interaction therapy, the child and parents are also given separate therapy. The child’s therapy is centered on the abuse they received, their social and academic skills, and teaching ways of relaxation and anger management. While the therapy for the parents are more concerned with finding ways so that the parents can interact with their children in the right way. The therapy gives the parents proper techniques for controlling their anger and allows them to identify how they view abuse. These examples of techniques practiced in therapy have shown promising results, but there are many different forms of therapy that also work. When dealing with individuals and families who suffered from abuse or were the one's abusing, the therapy needs to be fitted to the specific needs of the individuals as well as the whole family. If a child suffers from a certain problem, it is the job of the therapist to focus on ways to help the child with that specific problem. A generalized therapy plan to help everyone with their problems will not work because each individual experiences different things when faced with abuse, which is why the therapy needs to be specific to the needs of the