There are many spacecrafts in our solar system that are observing planets, discovering new things, and even looking for signs of life. One of these spacecrafts, Juno, was sent into space on Friday, August 5th, 2011. Its main purpose is to travel to Jupiter and explore this giant gas planet a little more in depth. Despite the fact that it has been travelling for many years, it still has a little more than 2 years left till it reaches its destination. This is a long time travelling through the harsh surroundings of space. There are many factors that had to be considered while building Juno, such as the use of materials.
Materials is an important factor that is taken into consideration because the spacecraft must be specifically designed for its precise mission. For instance, Juno, which has to fly hundreds of millions of kilometers to reach its destination through extreme environments. In order to travel such a vast distance, the spacecraft requires a source of energy. Juno uses our sun’s constant energy to power itself, with the help of enormous solar panels that have a span of more than twenty meters. Since the sun produces lots of reusable energy as it fuses hydrogen into helium, Juno may keep running on solar energy until the sun dies. Furthermore, the spacecraft has to journey through extreme temperatures, without any air to circulate and keep the spacecraft from overheating or freezing. In order to protect Juno against these harsh temperatures, engineers coated it with a shiny skin of insulation, sometimes referred to as multi-layer insulation (MLI). This insulation makes the intense temperatures a little more mild. It is made up of many items, such as aluminum. Aluminum is a good insulator because it reflects the heat back to...
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...order to observe Jupiter in depth. It has been planned for many years in order for it to be succecsful on its mission. The crew in charge of designing and building Juno had to be informed as to what materials should be used and what limitations or implications this spacecraft would have.
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William R. Keylor and Jerry Bannister. The Twentieth-Century World An International History Canadian Edition. 2005.
The objectives of the Mariner 10 spacecraft were the foundations to influence a great scientific change in history. The primary objectives were the main reasons Mariner 10 lifted off. Measurements of environments, atmospheres, surfaces, and body characteristics were to take place (“Mariner 10” Mariner 1). Mercury’s core needed to be studied. Venus’s interaction with the solar wind and the way sun particles affected the planet needed to be explored (Howell 2). Secondary objectives included experiments being performed and the process of using the gravitational pull of one planet to reach another (“Mariner 10” Mariner 1).
Upshur, Jiu-Hwa, Janice J. Terry, Jim Holoka, Richard D. Goff, and George H. Cassar. Thomson advantage Books World History. Compact 4th edition ed. Vol. Comprehensive volume. Belmont: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005. 107-109. Print.
Aluminum is a lightweight, silvery metal. The atomic weight of aluminum is 26.9815; the element melts at 660° C (1220° F), boils at 2467° C (4473° F), and has a specific gravity of 2.7. Aluminum is a strongly electropositive metal and extremely reactive. In contact with air, aluminum rapidly becomes covered with a tough, transparent layer of aluminum oxide that resists further corrosive action. For this reason, materials made of aluminum do not tarnish or rust. The metal reduces many other metallic compounds to their base metals. For example, when thermite (a mixture of powdered iron oxide and aluminum) is heated, the aluminum rapidly removes the oxygen from the iron; the heat of the reaction is sufficient to melt the iron. This phenomenon is used in the thermite process for welding iron .
Flory, Harriette, and Samuel Jenike. A World History: The Modern World. Volume 2. White Plains, NY: Longman, 1992. 42.
Smallman, Shawn C., and Kimberley Brown. "Introduction." Introduction to international & global studies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011. (4) (94). Print.
...missions, including the repair and maintenance of the Hubble Space Telescope and the construction of the International Space Station. Yet every January, NASA pauses to remember the last crew of Challenger, and the other crews lost in pursuing space, on a NASA Day of Remembrance. This tragic day will always be remembered as the day that changed space program forever.
In 1608 Hans Lippershey looked at Jupiter through a thin tube shaped object similar to a telescope. Galileo improved the telescope made by Hans in 1609 by adding a convex lens in the front. The telescope was built with a concave eyepiece and convex lenses. Telescopes were used for improving maps and figuring out the positions and motions of stars early on. Scientists believed that the bigger the lens of a telescope the better, so a man named George E. Hale had created a 100 inch telescope which was finished in 1917. Around the 1920s Edwin Hubble had looked through the telescope towards the sky and had discovered that our galaxy, the Milky Way, was not the only galaxy. He also discovered that our galaxy was expanding. Fifty years later the Hubble was funded to be built. The Hubble was supposed to be launched in 1983, but didn’t end up going into space until 1990. NASA launched the Hubb...
Classzone.com. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from http://www.lmoskal.net/worldhistory/whtext/ch22/W5E22BAD.pdf
In the end, though the era of British Imperialism in India played a significant role in India’s development into the modern world, it also came at a price. Regardless what was lost, a great deal was gained because India was able to not only increase its population, but also make the people smarter and healthier in the process. The way some of India’s residents were living before the age of Imperialism was not good, so if it didn’t do anything else positive – it helped them live better!
Having understood that the world has taken the form it has through the domination or imperialism of Western countries, it is said that they are the agents that have greatly influenced the world; their ideologies in addition to their political as well as economic influences have spread across the globe through time (Headrick, 1981).
The Hubble Space Telescope is one of the most amazing machines in orbit right now. In 1946, an astrophysicist named Dr. Lyman Spitzer proposed that a telescope in space would reveal better and clearer images that are even far from earth than any ground telescope. This idea was very extravagant because no one had yet launched a rocket into outer space. As the US space program excelled quickly over the early years, Spitzer lobbied NASA and Congress to develop a space telescope. In 1975, the European Space Agency and NASA began to develop the telescope that would change astronomy for ever. In 1977, Congress approved funding for the development of the space telescope and NASA named Lockheed Martin Aerospace Company as the prime contractor to oversee its construction. In 1983, the telescope was finished and was named after Edwin Hubble, an American astronomer whose observations of variable stars in distant galaxies confirmed that the universe was expanding and gave support to the "Big Bang" theory.
NASA New Frontiers is a program that is dedicated to deep observation of the solar system (discoverynewfrontiers.nasa.gov). Lockheed Martin is an advanced technology development company that built Juno for NASA (lockheedmartin.com). Though Lockheed Martin did build the spacecraft, Juno’s parts were gathered from all over the world (missionjuno.swri.edu). Juno was also tested in designated rooms to see if Juno could withstand the possible conditions of its trip and if it would need to be adjusted.
Imperialism has not only influenced colonial territories to better themselves or to further the mother country’s realm of power, it also had a significant impact on the people’s culture, education, environment, and political systems. Japan and Britain were two imperial systems that countered each other in many facets but also had strikingly similar qualities that had helped them become strong imperial powers that needed one another to continue their position amongst others.
This is the textbook for my materials science and engineering class. It contains information about the behaviors and properties of materials such as metals and polymers. This source will prove useful because in the field of tensegrity, the type of material used to make a structure is very important. In the field of engineering/tensegrity, this source is considered as a reference