Judicial Activism: A Necessary Action
Judicial activism is rarely needed, but when it is employed, it is only in the most dire of
circumstances. It is the broad interpretation of the constitution of the United States by the
Supreme Court. Some argue that this should not be done, but if it had not been, slavery would
still exist in America. It is obvious that in some cases, it is necessary to expand civil rights
beyond what the constitution explicitly states. This was the case in Brown v. Board of
Education. 9 black students were allowed into a white school, previously segregated. This was
the landmark case in the battle for black civil rights. The judicial activism displayed by the
Supreme Court led to an end to segregation, social equality for blacks and allowed them to
reach respected positions in the American society.
A major effect of the Supreme Courts decision was the desegregation of schools
everywhere. Integration became federal law, and schools could no longer bar applicants based
on race alone. By enforcing this law, the Court allowed blacks to recieve the same education as
whites and effectively removing their status as second-class citizens. They were one step closer
to being fully accepted by the white majority. The integration of children's schools was a
controversial step, and many southerners opposed it with extreme prejudice. There were riots
to oppose this move, but eventually the chaos was subdued and after order was restored,
schools were fully integrated. Black children were now on equal footing with white children and
could no longer be called less intelligent, as they would recieve the same education. Also, this
case led to the 15th amendment, giving blacks the right to vote. This was an important event,
effectively making them complete citizens, legally equal to white men in every way. They could
now vote for the president, a key part of the representative democracy present in the United
States. They became able to directly affect the law, by voting.
Social equality was a major gain for the blacks. As a result of this case, and others after
it, they became increasingly accepted in a previously white-dominated society. With any form of
discrimination outlawed and punishable by law, there was no way they could be kept from their
rightful position as equals in every respect. Lawsuits against discriminators became increasingly
common, and the mindset of the common American was one of tolerance and compassion for
The Supreme Court is perhaps most well known for the Brown vs. Board of Education decision in 1954. By declaring that segregation in schools was unconstitutional, Kevern Verney says a ‘direct reversal of the Plessy … ruling’1 58 years earlier was affected. It was Plessy which gave southern states the authority to continue persecuting African-Americans for the next sixty years. The first positive aspect of Brown was was the actual integration of white and black students in schools. Unfortunately, this was not carried out to a suitable degree, with many local authorities feeling no obligation to change the status quo. The Supreme Court did issue a second ruling, the so called Brown 2, in 1955. This forwarded the idea that integration should proceed 'with all deliberate speed', but James T. Patterson tells us even by 1964 ‘only an estimated 1.2% of black children ... attended public schools with white children’2. This demonstrates that, although the Supreme Court was working for Civil Rights, it was still unable to force change. Rathbone agrees, saying the Supreme Court ‘did not do enough to ensure compliance’3. However, Patterson goes on to say that ‘the case did have some impact’4. He explains how the ruling, although often ignored, acted ‘relatively quickly in most of the boarder s...
In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown vs. The Board of Education that schools needed to integrate and provide equal education for all people and it was unconstitutional for the state to deny certain citizens this opportunity. Although this decision was a landmark case and meant the schools could no longer deny admission to a child based solely on the color of their skin. By 1957, most schools had began to slowly integrate their students, but those in the deep south were still trying to fight the decision. One of the most widely known instances of this happening was at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. It took the school district three years to work out an integration plan. The board members and faculty didn't like the fact that they were going to have to teach a group of students that were looked down upon and seen as "inferior" to white students. However, after much opposition, a plan was finally proposed. The plan called for the integration to happen in three phases. First, during the 1957-1958 school year, the senior high school would be integrated, then after completion at the senior high level, the junior high would be integrated, and the elementary levels would follow in due time. Seventeen students were chosen from hundreds of applicants to be the first black teenagers to begin the integration process. The town went into an uproar. Many acts of violence were committed toward the African-Americans in the city. Racism and segregation seemed to be on the rise. Most black students decid...
In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s there were many issues that involved racial segregation with many different communities. A lot of people did not took a stand for these issues until they were addressed by other racial groups. Mendez vs Westminster and Brown vs The Board of Education, were related cases that had to take a stand to make a change. These two cases helped many people with different races to come together and be able to go to school even if a person was different than the rest.
movement of African American students into predominantly white neighborhood schools and the mixing of two separate but legally equal peoples.
...tball in the 1950s becoming integrated helped lead to desegregation and equality in American society.
...did not follow these rules they still followed Jim Crow laws. These laws segregated the south and made life extremely hard on coloreds. The Supreme Court knew that some states wouldn’t comply so they made each attorney general send in a plan for desegregation. “Rather, it asked the attorney generals of all states with laws permitting segregation in their public schools to submit plans for how to proceed with desegregation”(Supreme Court 1955). Even though desegregation was in the process life for coloreds was still not easy.
In the 20th century, America was very different than the way it is today. Life as we know in this country today had had different struggles. Situations were very different but also more difficult for some Americans. One of these difficulties was racial segregation. Segregation brought inequality to many African Americans in this country and thus unable them to contribute to America’s strive for prosperity and power. And so in the mid 1900’s, African Americans decided that it was time to fight against the inequality that was taking place in their day-to-day life. One of the most significant fights against inequality was one certain Supreme Court case that would rid America of its inequality liability. The Supreme Court case, Brown Vs. Board of Education, impacted the United States socially and economically. It also impacted the civil rights movement. This case changed the way all Americans viewed segregation as the country was dealing with the liability of inequality.
The decision rendered by the United States Supreme Court on May 17, 1954, was one of the most defining moments in American history. A multiethnic movement for social change developed into a legal campaign aimed at altering the constitutional basis of government in the United States. This struggle was not only about children and their education, but also about issues of race and equal opportunity in America. The decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka initiated educational and social reform throughout the United States. However, without the dedication brought by Charles H. Houston, the case of equality or the Civil Rights Movement might not have advanced to where it is today.
Throughout American History, many minorities have fallen victim to cruel discrimination and inequality, African Americans were one of such minorities that greatly suffered from the white majority’s upper hand. After the end of the Civil War and the Reconstruction period following it, many people, especially the Southern population, were extremely against African Americans obtaining equal rights in the American society. Due to this, these opponents did everything in their power to limit and even fully strip African Americans of their rights. The Supreme Court case of Plessy v Ferguson in 1896 is an excellent example of the obstacles put forth by the white population against their black counterparts in their long and arduous fight for civil liberty and equality. Even though the court upheld the discriminatory Louisiana law with an 8-1 decision, John Marshall Harlan’s dissent in the case played a significant role in the history of the United States for it predicted all the injustice African Americans would be forced to undergo for many more years, mainly due to this landmark decision.
In 1896 the Plessy v. Ferguson case made the segregation of blacks and whites legal; and the Supreme Court made the Jim Crow laws legal saying that blacks are “separate but equal.” African Americans knew that was unfair and could especially
The landmark Supreme Court cases of Dred Scott v. Sandford, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas have had a tremendous effect on the struggle for equal rights in America. These marker cases have set the precedent for cases dealing with the issue of civil equality for the last 150 years.
While there are many various global issues that affect the International Human Resource Management to run efficiently, there are two key concepts that play a major role in understanding how to approach them with cohesive and a well coherent strategy; they are the International Human Recourse Management Strategy and Understanding the Cultural Environment. In the International Resource Management strategy, many companies will do their research in finding companies that offer the following:
To begin we will evaluate corruption based on two different categories either 1. They will be sexually based offenses. 2. They will be non-sexually based in nature. Once the offense is categorized we will then explore the physical features of the individual being scrutinized which will include age, gender, skin color, ethnicity, height, weight, eye color, hair color, and any health disorders publicly available. After the physical characteristics are identified we will then explore certain subjective characteristics that may help to identify corruption such as wealth, represented state population (urban or rural), married (if so children), pets, military service, party, religious beliefs, alma mater, profession, and length of incumbency. These variables will be put into a graph and run as some sort of multivariate regression sequence. Before evaluating each politician based solely on different characteristics the remainder of the paper will be laid out as
Over the last few years, the issue of corruption--the abuse of public office for private gain--has attracted renewed interest, both among academics and policymakers. There are a number of reasons why this topic has come under recent inspection. Corruption scandals have toppled governments in both major industrial countries and developing countries. In the transition countries, the shift from command economies to free market economies has created massive opportunities for the appropriation of rents, excessive profits, and has often been accompanied by a change from a well-organized system of corruption to a more chaotic and deleterious one. With the end of the cold war, donor countries have placed less emphasis on political considerations in allocating foreign aid among developing countries and have paid more attention to cases in which aid funds have been misused and have not reached the poor. And slow economic growth has persisted in many countries with malfunctioning institutions. This renewed interest has led to a new flurry of empirical research on the causes and consequences of corruption.
Corruption and fraud is a relevant topic in South Africa and will continue to be so until it is able to be limited. Corruption is committed mainly by people in power as they neglect and take advantage of this power in order to better themselves at the expense of others. Fraud and corruption is the wrongful or criminal deception that results in financial or personal gain. Government officials, police officers and some unexpected individuals such as law officials have been known to commit corruption and fraud. There have been cases of corruption in the 2014 elections and the political parties have seen that it is something the community is concerned over. Each party has addressed this concern and suggested ways in which to limit this corruption. Not only is corruption morally wrong, but it causes trust problems between the community and people in power, the people who are meant to help society. (1)