In Kitani et al, they describe the role of the pelvic floor (PF) functions as well as proper volitional contraction of the PF muscles as part of the background information. A proper PF muscle contraction moves in the cranial-ventral direction facilitating closure of pelvic opening such as the urethral opening and support the bladder neck.1,2 Both of these mechanisms contribute to continence.1 Muscles of the PF are often considered to work in conjunction with other muscle of the abdominal region mainly referring to the anterolateral abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, which are both important for normal breathing.2 During normal respiration and increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP), the PF muscles automatically contract to help maintain continence, posture, and resist caudal pressure being placed on the PF.1,2 Incontinence and PF rehabilitation programs teach volitional contraction of the PF muscles often in conjunction with expiration focusing on proper displacement and sufficient squeeze pressure. Based on presented implications, the study set out to quantify the automatic PF activation looking at PF squeeze pressure and PF displacement in response to 3 variations (minimum, moderate, and maximum) of forced expiration. This study was a quasi-experimental repeated measures design utilizing a convenience sample of 18 nulliparous, premenopausal, healthy women without urinary incontinence or abnormal PF muscle activation. The results of this study found a significant difference in PF squeeze pressure between the all the variations of expiration increasing as the level of forced expiration increased. There was a significant difference in the magnitude of displacement both horizontally or vertically between different variat...
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...omatic population. The moderate to maximum forced expiration effort levels might overstress the PF musculature in a symptomatic population and likely would not provide strength and timing benefits of the minimum forced expiration effort.1
Works Cited
1. Kitani LJ, Apte GG, Dedrick GS, Sizer PS, Brismee JM. Effect of variations in forced expiration effort on pelvic floor activation in asymptomatic women. J Women’s Health Phys Ther. 2014;38(1):19-27.
2. Talasz H, Kofler M, Kalchschmid E, Pretterklieber M, Lechleitner M. Breathing with the pelvic floor? correlation of pelvic floor muscle function and expiratory flows in healthy young nulliparous women. Int Urogynecol J. 2010;21:475-481.
3. Talasz H, Kofler M, Kalchschmid E, Lechleitner M. Effects of multidimensional pelvic floor muscle training in healthy young women. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;285:709-715.
The contraction of the inspiratory muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity causing the pressure within the alveoli to decrease and air to flow into the alveoli. During resting inspiration, the diaphragm, the external intercostals and the parasternal intercostals contract to stimulate inspiration. During forced inspiration the scalene and the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity. The pectoralis minor muscles also play a minor role in forced inspiration. During quiet breathing, relaxation of these muscles causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease, resulting in expiration. During a forced expiration, the compression of the chest cavity is increased by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and various abdominal
Kinesiology: The Mechanics & Pathomechanics of Human Movement (Second ed.). Glenside, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Qiao T, Liu C and Ran F. (2005) The impact of gastrocnemius muscle cell changes in chronic venous insufficiency. Eur J Vasc Endovase Surg 30; 430-436.
The Bishop score is a pelvic scoring system developed to make it easier to determine whether a multiparous woman was a suitable candidate for induction of pregnancy. Although the information in the Bishop score was known by many obstetricians for many years, Edward H. bishop is credited because he pulled the pieces together and formed an organized system accompanied by research and statistics to back up his findings. His paper is called the “Pelvic Scoring for Elective Induction”. In this paper, Bishop describes basic minimal requirements that must be met before any patient can be considered for elective induction of labor (1964).
According to Steen and Marchant (2007), 60-70% of women will require sutures after vaginal delivery. A common morbidity of lacerations in the perineum is acute pain (Steen et al., 2007). Indeed, many women who have had birth related lacerations have decreased mobility, difficulty sitting comfortably, or fear of defecation due to pain (Steen et al. 2007). Furthermore, this pain may impede a mother from breastfeeding, focusing on newborn care and can lead to increasing irritability (Steen et al., 2007).
Controlled increases in physical stress through progressive resistive exercise cause muscle fibers to hypertrophy and become capable of generating greater force.3 Early emphasis is on restoring joint range of motion and muscle flexibility, however, resistive exercises are not delayed. The initial emphasis of muscle loading should be on endurance, accomplished with lower loads and higher repetitions. Progressive resistive exercises are initiated at the available range and progressed to new positions as wrist range of motion returns in all planes. Both the overload principle and the SAID Principle (Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands) are important considerations in therapeutic exercise dosing.1,3,11 Within pain tolerance, dosing progressive resistive exercises that maintain a therapeutic stress level will encourage muscle tissue hypertrophy. Finding activities that produce the correct force and repetition, without injury, is the goal of the remobilization period. Starting with low force, moderate to high repetitions, and encouraging therapeutic rest following induced stress is important to both the overload principle and the SAID Principle. Additionally, it is important to prevent dosing resistive exercises that exceed optimal stress, which may result in injury. The patient’s response to therapeutic exercise should be assessed during, immediately following,
During pregnancy, most women may experience overactive bladder or urinary incontinence. This can be mild or infrequent, while for others, it can be severe that can eventually affect their daily routine. This type of incontinence experienced during pregnancy is known as stress incontinence. It is the loss of urine due to increased pressure on the bladder, which makes the bladder sphincter unable to function properly when it comes to holding urine. Pregnancy hormones can also cause the pelvic muscles to relax for the anticipated delivery, which in turn affects the ability to control urine. These hormones also speeds up bloods’ filtration into the kidneys, resulting in accumulation of more fluid in the bladder.
... Clinical Evidence." Archives of Gynecology & Obstetrics 287.6 (2013): 1137-1149. Academic Search Premier. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
Lets begin by discussing the big picture view of the urinary system. It is comprised by the kidneys, ureter, bladder, and the urethra. Referring to the anatomical position the right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the liver being large. In a transverse cut and view from above one can see that the digestive organs are in a separate cavity from the urinary system. The peritoneal cavity houses the digestive organs and it houses serous membrane which secretes a small amount of fluid in the cavity that lubricates organs so that they experience very little friction as they move about inside of the body. The kidneys are in the retroperitoneal cavity, literally that means behind the peritoneal cavity. Unlike the digestive organs the kidneys are not allowed to move much when the body moves. They are held in place by perirenal fat, this fat firmly holds them in place. If someone gets to abnormally thin the kidneys can slip causing the ureter to get pinched.
The breath is brought into the nose and exhaled through the mouth with slightly pursed lips which should help you to feel a deeper contraction of the abdominals. = == == ==
Further evidence to support Oswold’s theory about SWS, comes from the idea that more physical exercise would lead to more SWS because the body needs more repair.
The purpose of the article I reviewed by Lykeridou, Gourounti, Deltsidou, Lautradis, and& Vaslamatzis (2009) was to examine women’s level of depression, perceived anxiety, and overall stress related to infertility while receiving fertility treatments. It w as hypothesized that the etiology of an infertility diagnoses wouldwill affect female’s psychological vulnerability. The variables that were looked at in the study were infertility diagnoses and psychological disturbances. The levels of infertility diagnoses used in the research were male factor infertility, female factor infertility, mixed, and idiopathic infertility. The various levels of psychological disturbances included depression, perceived anxiety, and overall fertility related stress.
Because the heavy uterus may compress the great vessels when a pregnant women is supine, causing a decrease...
4. Yeo, Seonae, Jessi Cisewski, Eric F. Lock, and J.s. Marron. "Exploratory Analysis of Exercise Adherence Patterns with Sedentary Pregnant Women." Nursing Research 59.4 (2010): 280-287. Print.
"Transactions of the Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society."Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2014.
...nto penile tissue, both directly mediated by parasympathetic afferents. The dilation and relaxation of these areas cause the usually flaccid internal pudendal arteries to fill with blood while venous output is remains constant, resulting in more blood entering the penis than leaves it. This rising pressure causes the penis to enlarge and extend, with the erection maintained by the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles.