Joseph Schumpeter, an American economist, renowned for his term ‘creative destruction,’ defined ‘entrepreneurs as individuals who exploit market opportunity through technical and/ or organisational innovation.’ Entrepreneur is derived from the French verb ‘entreprendre,’ meaning to undertake and consequently entrepreneurship is the ability and will to develop and manage a business scheme; accompanied by any of its risks with the intention of making turnover. Conversely, innovation is the process of transforming a creation into a product or service that generates value; ‘the commercially successful exploitation of ideas.’ It is integral to any developing economy, particularly in those where prevailing business models have become outmoded. Entrepreneurship Schumpeter’s entrepreneur is the root of disequilibrium and ‘creative destruction,’ and since the new framework makes the long-standing one inappropriate, innovation is not imperative to entrepreneurship. Kirzner, recognised with the Austrian School, argued that anyone is capable of becoming an entrepreneur – all that is essential is wisdom. He branded an entrepreneur as someone who recognises and possesses the alertness to make exploitable gains from trade and benefit from them. Nonetheless, Kirzner understood innovation to be incremental, in which case it was a continuous, recursive process of improving current products. Although, innovation involves modification, innovation is not essential to entrepreneurship as The Austrian School believes attentiveness and knowledge are the real key to economic development. Incremental innovation is a short to medium term process and so does not create lasting value. For instance, Gillette razors began their journey with one blade, now their product has progressed, accumulating unique features and additional blades. The vast difference between Amazon’s Dash Button and Gillette is that greater transformation is present in the Amazon scenario since a novel market forms. Furthermore, once the economy reaches equilibrium there are no exploitable gains to be made since the chance to make substantial profit margins only exists when the economy is ‘out-of equilibrium.’ Innovation is not central to entrepreneurship as reinforced by Kirzner since alert and resourceful entrepreneurs are the real key to innovation and economic development equally, as they exploit on the indecision existing in these fluctuating
The article titled “Schumpeterian competition and diseconomy of scope; illustrations from histories of Microsoft and IBM” by the authors Bresnahan, Greenstein and Henderson is a great attempt to address the creative destruction problem that face organizations mostly in the technology-led and innovation-based industries. In that respect, this paper is a reaction to the authors’ arguments with a view on their focus on diseconomy of scope in addressing the possible cause of the creative destruction problem. To achieve that objective, the argument begins by reviewing the author’s argument and introducing a counter argument that is then supported by a further review of their argument’s validity as well as the strength of the counterargument. (Bresnahan, Greenstein & Henderson, 2011)
An entrepreneur is an individual who is willing to develop, manage and organize an enterprise with the aim of profit making along with the risks involved. The word entrepreneur has its origin from the French word ‘entrepreneurs’ which means ‘to undertake’. In the business context entrepreneurship is the act of starting a business with the aim of making profits. According to Baumol et al.,. 2008, there are different types of entrepreneurs. Innovative entrepreneurs bring new products and services in the market and use new marketing techniques. On the other hand, replicative entrepreneurs bring new selling propositions to an existing market. Many capitalist societies encourage their citizens to start their own businesses to boost individual, as
The word entrepreneur was derived to describe the people who “take on risk” or “undertake” a task such as starting a new venture. Entrepreneurship is defined as the process by which individuals pursue opportunities without regard to resources they currently control. The real meaning of entrepreneurship is identifying opportunities and putting useful idea in to practice. Entrepreneurship requires creativity, drive, and willingness to take risks. Entrepreneurship is also known as self employment.
This term is defined as generating new products, methods, markets or a fresh organization or conceptualized as the process of turn invention into a marketable product (Gabor, 1970). Kourilsky, (1980) claimed creativity and innovations are the vital factors for inspiration and alternative method to predict the success. In the perspective of entrepreneurship, Schumpeter (1934) defined entrepreneur is an agent of change and involved in recognizing new opportunities and innovation is the maximum elementary role of entrepreneur (Drucker, 1985). The practical proof ensured in the entrepreneurship literature that entrepreneurs are considerably more innovative than non- entrepreneurs (Robinson et al., 1991; Ho, and Koh, 1992). Students who adopt entrepreneurship courses appeared more innovative than the students of business administration and management (Sexton and Upton, 1986; Goldsmith and Kerr 1991). Robinson et al., (1991) confirmed that innovation has significant and positive relationship with attitude towards entrepreneurship. Innovativeness, achievement, self-confidence and control could be good predictors of entrepreneurial attitudes (Bygrave, 1989; Robinson et al., 1991; Armstrong and Hird,
Entrepreneurship Extract is an opportunity to understand and exploit. Of course, Schumpeter gradually entered politics, and afterward, his later definitions took a little more sophisticated aspect. For example, he emphasized that entrepreneurs are the ones who revive economics and organizations. He sees the dimensions of entrepreneurship beyond the concept of opportunity and opportunity. Schumpeter focused on “the relationship between
Apart from contributing a great deal to creation of jobs, growth to the rate in productivity and value added, Gielnik M.M. and Frese M. (2013), Entrepreneurs create and bring to life new technologies, products and services and create new markets and jobs along the way. Entrepreneurs are smart risk takers, implementers, rule-breakers; or in a word; innovators that can and are contributing to the growth of South African economy. Entrepreneurs produce solutions that fly in the face of established knowledge, and they always challenge the status quo, they are always coming up with better and more effective ideas. They are risk-takers who pursue opportunities that others may fail to recognise or may even view as problems or threats.
The benefit of entrepreneurship is that it is a source of “business innovation and economic growth” (Ogbor, 2009 p.21) as it opens up the mind of the entrepreneur to think of new ways of satisfying the customers so that there are more economic gains from the activities. It has been regarded by governments that entrepreneurship creates
This essay aims to examine the academic literature on entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. It will then proceed to articulate any associations or inconsistencies between the definitions established from literature and the real world examples of entrepreneurs which will encompass individuals running small businesses in counties to founders that are now in-charge of multi-million/billion dollar operations. Subsequently, by employing reflective thinking, this essay will recollect and review the teachings of this course thus far. The takeaways from the teachings will then be applied to the real world practice of entrepreneurship and the quantitative and or qualitative impacts of the lessons learned will be observed. Established knowledge will then be put in comparison with future career prospects to analyse and shed light upon gaps in knowledge.
The word entrepreneur was originally employed in the Middle Ages and signified “a person who is active, who gets things done” (Swedberg, 2000, p.11) “Entrepreneurship is a complex concept, which many scholars in the field of economy, sociology, psychology and sciences have tried to define. Despite all efforts, no consensus has been reached regarding the boundaries of the definition of entrepreneurship. However, many scholars agree that the field of entrepreneurship positively influences on a country’s economy” Bendixen and Migliorini (2006). According to Kjeldsen and Nielsen (2000) creating new enterprises constitute the base for “maintaining a country’s international competitive power, economic development, employment, and standard of living”. A contemporary definition from the Cambridge on-line 5 dictionary defines the term of entrepreneur as “a person who attempts to make a profit by starting their own company or by operating alone in the business world, especially when it involves taking risks”. From Baumol’s (1990) point of view entrepreneurs are “persons who are ingenious and creative in finding ways that add to their own wealth, power and
Literature surrounding the topic of entrepreneurship, innovation and cosmopolitanism, indeed has been widely discussed, often have the subtopics been referred as a separate entity to a common subtopic. Whilst this ignores the opportunity for each of the subheadings to be associated, the body of literature clearly supports the existence of entrepreneurship, innovation and cosmopolitanism yet rarely does literature address the association between innovation and entrepreneurship in a cosmopolitan society under a common typology. Rather, entrepreneurship, innovation and cosmopolitanism are treated as separate entities to the same subtopic. This paradigm of correlating the indifferences depends on what or how the terms are associated. In order to narrow the widely apprehendable literature on the common terms, the central theme is one whereby all the headings are grouped and reviewed in terms of the associating factors between innovation and entrepreneurship in a cosmopolitan society. A systematic interpretation of the literature is essential to interpret the board and widely discussed literature at hand.. It is well understood that entrepreneurship and innovation amongst societies is are not new phenomenon’s, however in the contemporary cosmopolitan emergence of the modern world, how all three terms can be perceived requires a closer examination of how the terms can be interpreted and accompanied. Finally, all three terms can be measured in both micro and macro dynamics depending on how the literature is examined, in attempt to keep the topic balanced this paper reviews both the macro (society) and micro (businesses) innovation and entrepreneurship in cosmopolitanism.
Entrepreneurship happens to be getting popular and fast growing employer of labor in much economic developed. An Entrepreneur is a person who thinks ahead of other and plan for the future with limited resources and planning. They need to take all the risk and rewards of his or her business venture. The business idea is a new idea, goods, and service offered for sale. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a business leader and innovator of new ideas and business processes.
Scientific and technological progress is one of the most important and far reaching of humanity’s effort streams throughout history. One of the hallmarks of any great society is what new or improved knowledge of the world and how it works that the society can contribute. A strong and vibrant culture celebrates the spirit of invention and innovation. Closely allied with this concept is the spirit of entrepreneurship, considered one of the greatest qualities of the American culture.
Entrepreneurship is an important aspect of social, economic and community life. It can be viewed as a critical factor to economic growth as well as a way of addressing unemployment (Nolan, 2003).Entrepreneurs are people who are persistently focused on identifying opportunities, they seek to create something worthwhile while taking into account foreseeable risk and rewards associated with the efforts (Nolan, 2003). Furthermore, entrepreneurs are frequently understood to be individuals who discover market needs and establish new business to meet those identified opportunities. The following assignment will firstly discuss the types of entrepreneurship, secondly it will discuss the reasons people become entrepreneurs, and thirdly it will discuss the importance of entrepreneurship.
In this early 19th century this description was altered by the French economist J. B. Say who instead focused on the business process rather than the practitioner. He said that an entrepreneur shifts economic resources out of an area of lower productivity and into one of higher productivity and greater yield. 200 years later confusion still remains over the definitions of ‘entrepreneur’ and ‘entrepreneurship' with no single definition existing.
An entrepreneur is a person who organizes and manages a business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of profit. According to Martin (2010) an entrepreneur sees an opportunity which others do not fully recognize, to meet an unsatisfied demand or to radically improve the performance of an existing business. To have self-belief that this opportunity can be made real through hard work, commitment and the adaptability to learn the lessons of the market along the way. For example, When an almost bankrupt security company was offered to her, Datuk Maznah Hamid and her husband, who were eager to change their ordinary life, took the plunge and sacrificed RM5,000 of their saving. Only then she realized that apart from managing the operation, she also had to be a manager, a clerk, an accountant and a receptionist. To grow their business, they had to sell their house and moved to a slum that came without electricity. But she persevered. Today, it’s difficult to find someone who has never heard of Securiforce.