Breast cancer, within the past decade, has grown tremendously in awareness. Whether through charity events or occasional commercials that promote awareness, most people do know about breast cancer. However, the knowledge of what breast cancer is, how it occurs, and the medical facts are not very well known. There are different genes that can cause cancer. These types of genes are called tumor suppressor genes. Tumor suppressor genes, when functioning properly, are supposed to regulate cell division (Menvielle, 2014). Other genes, such as proto-oncogenes, work within our DNA to code for specific proteins (Menvielle, 2014). When mutated, proto-oncogenes have too many receptors for cell division which cause cell division to occur to often (Menvielle, 2014). Two genes linked to breast cancer are BRCA1 and BRCA2. These two genes are tumor suppressor genes and their job is to repair DNA that has been damaged (National Cancer Institute, 2014). BRCA1 and BRCA2 are linked to breast cancer because BRCA1 is found in mostly within breast tissue and when they do not function properly cancer cells are able to form within the breast (Kluger and Park, 2013). The fear of having breast cancer is prevalent for many women. There are a few breast cancer risk factors that cannot be changed for women. Gender plays a role in risk. Women are far more likely to have breast cancer than men (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014). The inheritance of a mutated gene such as the BRCA1 or BRCA2 and women who received their period before the age of 12 have a greater risk. Inheritance of breast cancer is not the cause for most breast cancer patients (American Cancer Society, 2011). Some changeable lifestyle factors can attribute to breast cancer.... ... middle of paper ... ...% (Kluger and Park, 2013). This drop in risk percentages definitely display why her choice was beneficial. Also, there are reconstructive surgeries offered after a mastectomy (Kluger and Park, 2013). If a female family member of mine had an increase in breast cancer risk, I would first recommend that she and a doctor evaluate the cause of the increased risk. If it was lifestyle choices that were causing the risk, I would urge my female family member to change to a healthier lifestyle. This would include eating and drinking foods that help prevent risk such as fruit and vegetables (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014). If the risk became severe, I would recommend a mastectomy. Mastectomies reduce chances of breast cancer greatly (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2014). These different options would reduce my female family member’s risk of breast cancer.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that breast cancer has grown in awareness in the past decade. however, the knowledge of what it is, how it occurs, and the medical facts are not very well known.
- Explains that the fear of having breast cancer is prevalent for many women. gender plays a role in risk.
- Opines that genetic testing for the mutated brca gene is available through genetic material testing. however, there are a few cons to having the test.
- Explains that angelina jolie advocated double mastectomy for women with severe breast cancer risks. the removal of both breasts was supported by most medical professionals.
Related
- explanatory
- analytical
- comparative
- brest cancerexplanatory essayIn order for a woman to consider her case of breast cancer to be hereditary, she must contain either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation in her genetic make up. Hundreds of mutations have been found in both genes and almost all of the mutations identified are primitive mutations found in only a single family. Most of the mutations result in a miss-formed protein product; thus the nature of these mutations is easily interpreted. Two successive acquired mutations occurring in a single cell are necessary for the development of cancer. Mutations anywhere along either gene are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. (Transmed Network-Breast Cancer-Characteristics of Hereditary Breast Cancer, 1997).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that one in every ten women in the united states will develop breast cancer sometime during her life. more than six percent of these cases are linked to hereditary.
- Explains that breast cancer is hereditary, and that mutations anywhere along either gene are associated with an increased risk.
- Explains that more than six hundred different mutations have been identified on the brca1 gene.
- Explains that virtually all individuals with a cancer predisposing mutation in brca1 and brc2 have inherited it from their parents.
- Explains that in inherited forms of cancer, the parent passes on the gene mutations through a loss of either the maternal or paternal allele within the egg or sperm from which an individual is conceived.
- Explains that the risk of developing cancer depends on the kind of mutation, the gender of the individual, and the person's age.
- Explains that genetic testing benefits both sporadic and hereditary cases. the test only identifies whether the gene is present in the person’s genetic makeup, not if it is inherited.
- Explains that finding out that a gene mutation is present doesn't mean that the woman will develop cancer. women who test positive for the brca1 mutation gene have an eighty percent chance of developing the cancer, but the risk is high.
- Explains that people who test negative for the brca1 mutation still have a risk of developing the cancer.
- Explains that if a woman does not contain the genetic mutations, she can still develop breast cancer. ninety-four percent are not linked to being hereditary and are considered sporadic.
- Explains that genetic mutation testing has become an easy way for women to detect breast cancer early.
- Cites the works citedgene clinics. (march 4, 2000). hereditary breast/ovarian cancer. retrieved from the world wide web.
- Explains transmed network's breast cancer-characteristics of hereditary breast cancer retrieved november 19, 2000 from the world wide web.
1052 wordsRead More - probability of brest cancerexplanatory essayA National Cancer Institute (NCI) report estimates that about 1 in 8 women in the United States (approximately 13.3 percent) will develop breast cancer during her lifetime. This estimate is based on cancer rates from 1997 through 1999, as reported in NCI's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program publication SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1973–1999. This publication presents estimates of the risk of developing breast cancer in 10-, 20-, and 30-year intervals. Each age interval is assigned a weight in the calculations based on the proportion of the population living to that age.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that a national cancer institute report estimates that about 1 in 8 women in the united states will develop breast cancer during her lifetime.
- Explains that the 1 in 8 figure means that, if current rates stay constant, women born today have a one in eight chance of being diagnosed with breast cancer.
- Explains that age-specific (conditional) probabilities are more appropriate to evaluate cancer risk for a cancer-free individual.
- Explains that among the racial/ethnic groups studied by seer**, non-hispanic white, hawaiian, and black women have the highest levels of breast cancer risk.
- Explains that the nci is directing special attention to women with disproportionately high rates of breast cancer and poor survival rates including members of certain minority groups and the medically under served.
421 wordsRead More - Environmental Causes of Breast Cancerexplanatory essayIn the United States, starting from the first breast cancer case in 1930s to today, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer increases to one eighth (Gray et al.). Continuously increasing breast cancer rate has caused a lot of concerns among not only ordinary people but also scientists. For decades, scientists have been working on the causes of breast cancer in order to find the corresponding methods of treatment. However, only about 25% of the breast cancer cases got explained (Brody et al.); till today, heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental estrogen (the female sex hormone), and the dietary fat are the only major known causes (“Cover Story: Breast Cancer and Environment”). For the 75% unexplained breast cancers cases, scientists, through various of researches, have come up with several hypothetical breast cancer causes, in which synthetic chemicals and environmental radiations are the major ones.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that cancer is rare in men, and those who develop the disease have higher than iqs.
- Explains that some studies showed case patients had much higher ddt level in their breast tissue than normal people.
- Explains that ocs are hypothetically carcinogenic because when first applied to plants, they would easily access into human bodies through milk products from animals eating toxic plants.
- Explains greene, gayle, and ratner, vicki, "a toxic link to breast cancer? the chemicals around us."
- Explains that in the united states, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer increases to one eighth.
- Explains that the existence of male breast cancer carriers indirectly proves the synthetic chemicals carcinogenic.
- Explains that organochlorines (ocs) are hypothetical risk factors of breast cancer cell. they explain that lactation is the single most effective pathway of oc execration, thereby providing a protective elect.
- Explains that ionizing radiation can increase the risk for breast cancer through a number of different mechanisms, including direct mutagenesis, genomic instability, and changes in great cell micro-environments.
1335 wordsRead More - Breast Cancer Essayexplanatory essayBreast Cancer is a tumor that starts in the cell of the breast. Breast cancer can be seen in both men and women, mainly in women. As I started doing the research on breast cancer I decide to basic my topic around African American women (AAW) and breast cancer. Breast cancer affects African American women more, because of their lifestyle, age, and weight. My paper will talk about the side effects, symptoms, different tests, and treatment. I will include what I learn about the African American women having the worst breast cancer mortality, the risk of aggressive breast cancer and that it’s three times higher for African American. It was a new study that said that the ancestry linked to a triple negative breast cancer. This is a type of breast cancer that is more aggressive and has few treatments. Things that African American women need to know are that secondary breast cancer is seen more in African American women regardless of the age. Secondary breast cancer will be seen in the opposite breast; usually 4 percent that was diagnosing with breast cancer will have secondary breast cancer to be seen. African American women had a higher risk for disease recurrence and inferior survival compared with women of other races. It is not fully understood why breast cancer affect the different racial groups, and ethnicity. These are some of the breast cancer risk factors: including reproductive history, family history of breast cancer, menstrual history, hormone use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, height, and body mass. There been studies on this different risk factor that have some affect on breast cancer in women.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that breast cancer is a tumor that starts in the cell of the breast and affects both men and women, mainly in women.
- Explains that breast cancer is a disease that develops when abnormal cells from the breast tissue grow out of control.
- Explains that african american women are more likely to be diagnosed with less treatable subtypes of breast cancer compared to caucasian women.
- Explains that studies have found that a triple negative breast cancer has been found in african american women.
- Explains that the frequency, mortality, and length of survival after medicine for breast growth differ enormously around distinctive ethnic gatherings.
- Argues that general survival, neurotic qualities, and worldwide gene outflow designs did not contrast fundamentally between aaw and cw with tnbc, suggesting that expanded predominance of the disease may be helping survival variations.
- Opines that there is an urgent need to identify distinct molecular features to stratify distinct breast cancer subtypes with patients with triple negative disease.
- Explains the social issues associated with breast cancer, such as hair loss sallow skin tone, weight loss, and withdrawal from social interaction.
- Explains that african american ladies are influenced by bosom growth in more stupendous numbers than caucasians. this exploratory study focuses on social showcasing systems to advertise breast tumor mindfulness.
- Explains that social showcasing, which is drenched in fights and promotions, is the trailblazer controlling positive social progressions. while engineering is growing, there are numerous people who are not following at the same pace.
- Explains that the african american breast cancer alliance, inc. (aabca) was established in 1990 by black ladies who were diagnosed with bosom tumor.
- Opines that the history of seeking a cure for breast cancer is long, yet the cure is still illusive.
- Explains the different examinations for breast cancer: breast self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammogram.
2803 wordsRead More - Personalized Medicine in the Treatment of Canceranalytical essayRebbeck T.R. et al.(2004). Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 22,1055-1062.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how sir william osler compared the development of personalized medicine to an art form, saying that medicine would truly be a science if all humans had the same genetic makeup.
- Explains that oncology provides an excellent channel to investigate the abilities of personalized medicine techniques. personalized medicine involves the use of biomarkers to classify patients.
- Explains the concept of personalized medical treatment, which can be used in many medical problems.
- Explains that personalized medicine incorporates the genetics of the patient and cancerous tumor, disease prognosis, and adjuvant chemotherapy.
- Explains that personalized oncology treatment can be beneficial health wise, but also economically effective. individual cancer care can help reduce costs by making drugs more efficient and reduce cost by using fewer drugs.
- Explains the goal of personalized medicine, which is to customize a treatment that is targeted at specific tumor subtypes in patients.
- Explains that cancer is one of the top causes of death throughout the world. personalized medicine can help decrease the number of cancer cases and improve life expectancy.
- Opines that theodorescu, dan. “personlized medicine and cancer.” auanews 16.4 (2011): 24-25. academic search complete.
- Explains mani, k., "systems biology and personalized medicine in cancer." current pharmacogenomics and medicine 8.1 (2010): 64-72.
- States that van’tveer, laura j., and rene bernards, “enabling personalized cancer medicine through analysis of gene-expression patterns.” nature 452.7187 (2008): 564-570.
- Analyzes gilbert, susan, and hastings center report on personalized cancer care in an age of anxiety.
- Describes deakin, denise, applied clinical trials supplement (2011): 14-17. academic search complete.
- Opines that clinical trials in the era of personalized oncology are advancing. maitland, michael.
- Describes rebbeck t.r. and the prose study group's findings on bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reducing breast cancer risk.
- Recommends genetic risk assessment and brca mutation testing for breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility.
- Explains the college of medicine, biomedical science. the ohio state university.
- Argues that personalized medicine for breast cancer requires a pure understanding of human genomic sequence at the individual level and specific group of people.
2321 wordsRead More - Reducing Your Risk of Breast Cancerexplanatory essayThe one question that needs to be asked by women is “how can I reduce my risk of getting breast cancer?” because all women are at risk. It is very important that all women know how to lessen their chances of getting breast cancer because women are most vulnerable of developing the illness. It is estimated that over “192,370 women will be diagnosed with and 40,170 women will die” of breast cancer in the year 2009; both the number of diagnoses and deaths can be cut in half if women try to lower their risk of breast cancer (seer.cancer.org). If women do not do something for themselves before developing breast cancer, doctors will not be able to do much to keep them alive after they do develop breast cancer if it spreads. However, by actually doing the things that help lower the risk of breast cancer there is no guarantee that breast cancer will never develop, it will delay its development and perhaps that could lead to a woman to not getting breast cancer through all her life, but the chance of getting breast cancer will always be there. Every woman in the world should lower their risk of breast cancer by breastfeeding, if possible, by exercising regularly, by having a nutritious and well balanced diet and by going to a doctor for routine check ups because it can safe their life.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that every woman should lower their risk of breast cancer by breastfeeding, exercising regularly, and having a nutritious and well-balanced diet.
- Explains that breast-feeding cuts breast cancer in high-risk women by fifty-nine percent, which is more than any medicine or treatment can do alone.
- Explains that exercising regularly is important for women who want to stay fit, healthy, and away from breast cancer. the book 100 questions & answers about breast cancer states that exercise reduces estrogen levels, fights obesity, lowers insulin levels and boosts the immune system.
- Explains that a nutritious and well-balanced diet reduces the risk of breast cancer by making every woman healthier overall.
- Explains that reducing the risk of breast cancer is not just changing the way a woman lives or adding to her life style, but also getting check ups from the doctor and getting mammograms.
- Opines that women should take action to lower their risk of breast cancer by exercising regularly, having a healthy diet, getting checkups from doctors, and breast feeding.
1454 wordsRead More - Website Use Greatly Increases Knowledge of Breast Cancerexplanatory essayIt is the second leading cause of death in the United States, killing thousands of people each year. Cancer has certainly become a growing epidemic in our society, and breast cancer is one of its most prevalent forms. One in nine women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, making it the most common form of cancer in women, and for many of them, this will mark the end of their life. This plague clearly needs to be taken under control, and organizations like the National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations (NABCO) intend to do just that.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that nabco's website is easy to use, with eight tabs that can be clicked on to take the user to various parts of the site.
- Explains that nabco's goal is to provide information that will help a person with breast cancer to participate more fully in developing their treatment plan and to enhance their sense of control.
- Opines that breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in the united states, killing thousands of people each year.
- Explains that nabco is a non-profit organization that aims to educate people about breast cancer.
- Explains that the nabco website is a useful tool for people who have breast cancer, and offers information about treatment and support that could also save lives.
2416 wordsRead More - Cancer, age, and ethnicitycomparative essayDemographics influence so much of human beings capabilities. They can be a deterrent at times but in certain cases, can be seen as more of an advantage. In some cases altogether, the demographics of age, gender, and ethnicity have no influence at all. The question being addressed is if one’s age, ethnicity, or gender has an influence on individuals being diagnosed with breast cancer. However, it may also be possible that there is no correlation between these specific demographics and the diagnosis of breast cancer. Female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women (NCI Breast, 2014). The number of new cases of breast cancer was 123.8 per 100,000 women per year (NCI Breast, 2014). Being able to spot cancer in its earliest form is part of the diagnosing process (NCI Breast, 2014). This aids people in preventing the deadliest lifetime risk. Lifetime risk is the probability of developing or dying from a disease in the course of one's lifespan (NCI Breast, 2014). Based on the most recent data, approximately 12.3 percent of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer at some point during their lifetime (NCI Breast, 2014). Cancer stage at diagnosis, which refers to extent of a cancer in the body, determines treatment options and has a strong influence on the length of survival (NCI Breast, 2014). In general, if the cancer is found only in the part of the body where it started it is localized (sometimes referred to as stage 1) (NCI Breast, 2014). If it has spread to a different part of the body, the stage is regional or distant. The earlier breast cancer is caught, the better chance a person has of surviving five years after being diagnosed (NCI Breast, 2014). For breast cancer, 60.5% are di...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that demographics can be a deterrent, but in some cases, they are more of an advantage. female breast cancer is most common in middle-aged and older women.
- Explains that the hints 2007 data set was collected using two different methods, which were by telephone and by mail.
- Explains that the topic researched was not able to have regression testing performed on the variables in question. a one-tailed test was performed to analyze the correlation between the variable being researched.
- Concludes that there is a correlation between the demographics of age, gender, and ethnicity to the diagnosis of cancer.
- Cites the national center for biotechnology information's result filters for community health and health behavior.
- Cites fejerman, l. and kawai, m. (2014, february 10). active smoking and the risk of estrogen receptor-positive and triple-negative breast cancer among women ages 20 to 44
- Explains litton, j., 'earlier age of onset of brca mutation-related cancers in subsequent generations'.
- Cites merriam-webster's middle age dictionary and orom, h. (n.d.). result filters. national center for biotechnology information.
568 wordsRead More - Facts and Statistics of People with Breast Cancerexplanatory essayWelcsh, P., & King, M. (n.d.). Human Molecular Genetics. BRCA1 and BRCA2 and the genetics of breast and ovarian cancer. Retrieved March 24, 2014, from http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/10/7/705.full
In this essay, the author
- Explains that 233,000 women in the us will develop breast cancer in 2014, with over 40,000 people expected to die from it in 2014. there is no long-term cure for cancer.
- Explains that proto-oncogenes are the genes tasked with controlling how often and how quickly cells divide. they can mutate into a different kind of gene and malfunction, leading to cancer.
- Explains that only about 5-10% of breast cancer cases are believed to be inherited.
- Opines that the pros of having brca genetic testing done far outnumber the cons, whether someone's family has a history of breast cancer or cancer in general.
- Opines that angelina jolie's decision for a double mastectomy was not too extreme, but if someone offered to lower your chances of getting cancer, would you do it?
- Cites the brca1 andbrca2: cancer risk and genetic testing fact sheet - national cancer institute.
- Explains that do we know what causes breast cancer?
- Explains that genetics is a part of breastcancer.org's information about cancer.
- Cites kluger, j., & park, a. (2013, may 15). the angelina effect: timeâ€tms new cover image revealed.
- Explains that raloxifene - oral (evista) side effects, medical uses, and drug interactions.
- Cites shockney, lilli, and king, m. (n.d.). human molecular genetics.
- Explains that what are the risk factors for breast cancer?
791 wordsRead More - Advanced Technology of the Treatment of Breast Cancerexplanatory essayThere is a lot of information that has to be known about breast cancer in order to do something about the disease such as what breast cancer is, the history and some risk factors.Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts from cells of the breast. Breast cancer is found mostly in women, but men can get breast cancer. Being a women and getting older, put women at higher risk of getting diagnosed with breast cancer. As women get older their risk continues. Many factors that contribute to the risk of breast cancer, such as the history of breast cancer in your family, or close relatives. “Researchers are investigating genes that may be related to breast cancer, and they are examining whether smoking or estrogen levels influence that incidence of the disease” (N.W hospital 1). However, some women who have one or more risk factors may not get diagnosed with breast cancer, but most women who don’t have any risk factors get diagnosed with the disease.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that advanced technology of the treatment of breast cancer is the key to life after the disease.
- Explains that breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts from cells of the breast. women and getting older put women at higher risk of getting diagnosed.
- Explains that there are many risks that go along with breast cancer, some cannot be changed but some can be stopped.
- Explains that early detection is the key to life after breast cancer. mammograms can show changes in the breast up to two years before a patient or physician can feel them.
- Advises that women should have their breast checked by a health professional once each year. some lumps found, aren't always cancer.
- Explains that checking your breast monthly is a trait that every woman should have. mammograms are special breast x-rays that can detect 90 percent of cancers.
- Explains needle biopsy, which removes a smaller number of cells or pieces of tissue from the lump for testing. there are many different kinds of needle biopsies.
- Explains that a thicker, hallow needle removes larger amounts of tissue. core needle biopsy is done for abnormal areas found by mammograms.
- Explains vacuum assisted biopsy, which removes tissue cores by insertion of a hollow needle. vacuum assisted breast biopsy is done under anesthetic and can also be done as an outpatient.
- Explains that an open surgical biopsy is a surgical procedure that removes the abnormality from the breast.
- Explains the advantages and disadvantages of partial mastectomy, which removes the lump and some normal tissue around it.
- Explains that mastectomy is a form of surgery to rid the body of breast cancer. the breast is removed alone with some underarm lymph nodes.
- Explains the advantages and disadvantages of radiation treatment, including the need for daily outpatient visits for six weeks, and the possibility of temporary scarring in the lung.
- Explains that chemotherapy is the most common form of drug treatment. it uses different kinds of drugs that can kill cancer cells.
- Opines that women who are diagnosed with breast cancer must remember and understand that they are not alone in the struggle with their disease.
1682 wordsRead More