The Basics
A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way.
* Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more.
* The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more.
* The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned.
* When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand.
* This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator.
* The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward.
The types of jet engines include:
* Turbojet
* Turbofan
* Turboprop
* Turbo shaft
Turbojet
The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86.
For the first phenomena, he noted how all combustions involved the formation of fire or light. With that in mind, Lavoisier also observed that this combustion occurs only through dephlogisticated air / pure air. Other airs (e.g. carbon dioxide) act as a fire extinguisher similar to that of water. Another combustion phenomenon he outlined was how the weight of the burnt material directly relates to the amount of air used in the reaction. Moreover, he also described how certain substances turn into acids after it has been burn...
Aerodynamics is generally summarized in these 2 terms: “Lift against Weight” and “Thrust against Drag”. This basically means the amount of flight power generated must be equal to, or greater than the amount of weight of the airplane, and the amount of pushing generated, must be equal to or greater than the airs resistance. But the overall question, so far, is how is “Lift” and “Thrust” generated? The answer to how “Thrust” is generated is quite simple. Its sort of how a car would move, except in a much different way. Airplanes have 4 engines, which can each exert easily up to 200 PSI of air (pressure per square inch), composed of liquid fuel cylinders, and internal combustion (like a car). It also tops to 250 km per hour on the runway! But how “Lift” is generated is, the true definition of aerodynamics. The first thing you must consider to understand this is that the wing of the plane is specially designed, to force the air above the wing to rush faster, than the air beneath it. This works according to the “Bernoulli’s principle”. The reason air above the wing must be fast...
1.Intake: The intake valve opens allowing fresh oxygen rich air mixed with fuel to enter the cylinder.
Combustion is a rapid, continuous reaction that usually takes place in the gas phase. Wood is an organic compound primarily comprised of cellulose. For wood, the phase change from a solid to gas is almost instantaneous as combustion occurs (Coleman, et al. 95). Ignition occurs when an outside source is no longer needed to sustain combustion (Coleman, et al. 87).
...the shock waves created by a shift, which acts as a brake, slowing the turbo and requiring it to be spooled up again. We lose boost pressure but keep our turbo speed this way.
How many times a day do you hear a jet airplane roar over the top of your house, leaving a trail of dark, black smoke behind? People all around the world are complaining about the noise and contamination that jet aircraft produce as they fly over densely populated cities. Airplanes are flying around the clock consuming thousands and thousands of gallons of fuel a minute. So many jet engine manufactures have tried time and time again to reduce the noise and contamination that their engines produce yet so many times to no avail. General Electric is now incorporating new technology into their engines that will reduce not only the fuel consumption and contamination produced by the jet engines, but increase their thrust output.
This hot gas is pushed out through the back and it makes the rocket move forward. This is using Newton's third law of
In commercial processing, the burning takes place in large concrete or steel silos with very little oxygen, and stops before it all turns to ash. It is said that the “procedure leaves black lumps and powder which is about 25% of the original weight. When ignited, the carbon in charcoal merges with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water, other gases, and significant quantities of energy.” It packs more potential energy per ounce than raw wood. Stated by Goldwyn that the char combust steadily, hot and it produces less smoke and lesser unhazardous
Injectors are one of the most important components of internal combustion engines. Their task is to pump the right volume of fuel into the combustion chamber to secure an optimum combustion.
Firstly, the gas turbine engine operation begins with the air intake process. As of all internal combustion engine, oxygen is required to support the combustion of the fuel and the source of oxygen is from the fresh air that is taken in. Initially, the fan is rotated by a driving shaft that is powered by the turbine of the engine. A negative or vacuum pressure at the intake side is then created by the rotating fan. Next, the surrounding air is drawn towards the inlet and causes it to flow into the gas turbine engine inlet (Cengel & Boles, 2011). At the same time, the pressure on the other side of the fan is increased as it is compressed at a lower pressure ratio and causes the air in the outlet side of the fan to move fu...
so they could compress the air at a much higher pressure so the engine can
often done by electrical discharge in a pure gas - or gas mixture - in a tube.
Third, the liquid will enter to the expansion valve with the higher pressure and leaves with the low pressure.
... turned by pistons, it is fueled by a combustion process using turbine exhaust to spin the prop rather, hence the term turboprop. A turbofan is what you will find on all private business jets and airliners. Instead of turning a prop, turbofan engines use the exhaust to turn a fan which helps produce more thrust by helping creating bypass air. Military planes such as the F-22 Raptor use the plain jet engine which produces thrust by in simple terms lighting jet fuel on fire and pushing it out the back. Whatever type of engine it may be, they are all important pieces of a plane.
A steam turbine's two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor. As the steam passes through the fixed blades or nozzles it expands and its velocity increases. The high-velocity jet of steam strikes the first set of moving blades. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical energy, causing the shaft to rotate. The steam then enters the next set of fixed blades and strikes the next row of moving blades. As the steam flows through the turbine, its pressure and temperature decreases, while its volume increases. The decrease in pressure and temperature occurs as the steam transmits energy to the shaft and performs work. After passing through the last turbine stage, the steam exhausts into the condenser or process steam system. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical erringly through the impact (impulse) or reaction of the steam against the blades.