The need for the protagonist, Stephen Dedalus’ artistic expression is emphasized in James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Joyce juxtaposes Stephen Daedalus’ creativity with a commitment to his catholic religion while on his odyssey to find his identity. Which calling will he answer to—artist or priest? The text follows the protagonist through both his positive and negative experiences with priests and his early revelations of artistic talents. Stephen is surrounded by financial, political, and religious tensions in his family and reveals to Stephen how paralyzing these influences can be on one’s life. Joyce conveys the artistic manifestation that seems inherent in Stephen throughout his journey, whereas, portrays Stephen in a constant battle to accept the priesthood while often in doubt about the importance of religion. Joyce delivers a narrative of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man that believes that art is higher than religion. This idea embodies the description in Stephen’s love for art versus his apprehension for theology points to a plot that hints that art is better than religion.
Stephen grows up in a family that is Catholic, with his mother and nurse Dante, being the most devout; this sets up the tension between Stephen’s double calling to art and theology. From early on we see the world through the eye and mind of young Stephen and realize that he has a very imaginative mind. While his father tells him a story, his imagination kicks in, and he thinks, “He was baby tuckoo. The moocow came down the road where Betty Byrne lived: she sold lemon platt” (3). Stephen already shows the artistic qualities that he will continue to develop on his journey to manhood. Stephen also has his first exp...
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...rt, in the same way if he indulges in sexual pleasures he it too would take away from his capability to create. Stephen has the final epiphany in the end when he sees the young woman alone on the beach. They stare at each other without exchanging words and Joyce writes, “Her eyes had called him and his soul had leaped at the call. To live, to err, to fall, to triumph, to recreate life out of life!” (213). Here Stephen knows that he has to create art out of the beauty that surrounds him. Throughout the text the narrative sets up the artist as the hero, and the priest as living a life of torment and boredom. Thus, reflecting that art is higher than religion as it allows one to experience the beauty of the world and creatw and recreate works of art.
Works Cited
Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Viking, 1964. Epub.
All of Camus' writings may be viewed as a quest for meaningful values in a world of spiritual aridity and emptiness. He begins with man's despair, estrangement, fear, suffering and hopelessness in a world where is neither God nor the promise that He will come- the fundamental absurdity of existence- but ultimately affirms the power of man to achieve spiritual regeneration and the measure of salvation possible in an absurd universe. This radical repudiation of despair and nihilism is closely bound up with his concept of an artist. Camus conceives of art as a way of embracing a consciousness of the absurdity of man's existential plight. But art becomes a means of negating that absurdity because the artist reconstructs the reality, endowing it with unity, endurance and perfection. By taking elements from reality that confirms the absurd existence, an artist attempts to correct the world by words and redistribution. Thus the artist never provides a radical transformation of reality but a fundamental reinterpretation of what already exists. He provides a new angle of vision of perceiving reality. That is why, for Camus, an artist is a recreator of myth. He teaches humanity that contemporary man must abandon the old myths that have become otiose, though once defined his existence. The artist liberates man to live in his world by redefining both man and the condition in which he exists. In this regard, it is important to point out that, for Camus, the traditional opposition between art and philosophy is arbitrary. It is because they together become most effective to create the redefinition: the philosophy awakens the consciousness and the art, propelled by such a radical discovery, ...
Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The Viking Press, New York: 1964.
"Eveline" is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she has to choose between living with her father or escaping with Frank, a sailor which she has been courting for some time. The story is one of fifteen stories written by James Joyce in a collection called "Dubliners". These stories follow a certain pattern that Joyce uses to express his ideas: "Joyce's focus in Dubliners is almost exclusively on the middle-class Catholics known to himself and his family"(the Gale Group). Joyce's early life, family background, and his catholic background appear in the way he writes these stories. "Where Joyce usually relates his stories to events in his life, there are some stories which are actually events that took place in his life" (Joyce, Stanislaus). James Joyce in his letter to Grant Richard writes:
.... In chapter fourteen Stephen says to himself “Dad laid before me, as still as ever ”. This was showing Stephen’s knowledge that he had to move on as he set his dad to rest then buried him. Stephen was very sad, but whatever he did from that point on, was for his dad.
Stevens used his skill of language to hone in on his disbelief of a life after this one and to total denouncement the presents of god in each and every one of us in his work of art “Sunday morning” .Or did he? Art was Stevens’ religion. Stevens used three things to express his premise feeling about the fairy tale about god and anything that had surrounded the notation of his existence. Those three things were Symbolism, Imagery and Wordplay. The combination of these literary devices allowed Stevens to intimately connect with each of his readers allowing them a glimpse into his mind without giving too much. .Using lots a word play allowed Stevens to get away with murder in his poem “Sunday morning” there was nothing that Christ himself could do about the rather touchy debt of the father god. Webs of religious questioning were weaved within the poem so graceful and effortlessly. Stevens used beautiful imagery too rival the questioning attitude he’s invoked inside his readers. Steven’s rather attractive symbolism allowed the reader to become invested in what they believe they had read meant.
... conflicting desires towards women, which stemmed from his Catholic upbringing. As a catholic, Stephen had been taught to view women in one of two ways: as whores, which was in reference to Mary Magdalene, or as Madonna’s, reminiscent of the Virgin Mary. However, his transformation into an artist disproved this theory and allowed Stephen to judge women solely on their artistic beauty. The women within the novel pushed Stephen towards his true calling, each revealing to him the necessary steps required to become an artist. In the final lines of the novel, Stephen proclaims his desire to become an artist: “I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race” (Joyce 224). In a sense, art is Stephen’s “ideal woman,” for nothing on earth can match its purity or ability to transform.
Even as a young boy, Stephen experienced rejection and isolation at school. On the playground Stephen "felt his body [too] small and weak amid the [other] players" (Joyce 8). His schoolmates even poked fun at his name. In response to his rejection by the other boys Stephen makes a conscious decision to "[keep] on the fringe of his line, out of sight of his prefect" and the other boys. Stephen is later depicted as choosing the "warm study hall" rather than the playground with his friends outside (Joyce 10). His rejection at school leads him to isolate himself in his schoolwork, thus putting himself on a scholarly path that will give him the intellectual skills necessary for the artist within him to achieve adulthood.
Ulysses opens with Buck Mulligan calling Stephen a "fearful jesuit" and mocking church rituals as he shaves (Joyce, Ulysses 3). The two main characters of this novel, Stephen Dedalus and Leopold Bloom have each fallen from their respective faiths. They both suffer for their religious affiliations; Bloom is excluded and h...
Ultimately, Stephen rejects Catholicism as his religion because of the trauma it has caused him and because it is too restricting for an artist like himself and replaces religion with art. After his rejection of Catholicism Stephen starts thinking like an artist, examining the soul and aesthetics. Even his namesake, Daedalus evokes the image of an artist and creator. Daedalus was a creator from Greek mythology that Stephen identifies himself as with great pride. Also, the next story Joyce writes is Ulysses, a story pertaining to Greek mythology whose main character is a Jew. Greek were also Pagan so it's possible to say that as Stephen/Joyce rejected Catholicism he started to accept Paganism as his religion.
Religion is an important and recurring theme in James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Through his experiences with religion, Stephen Dedalus both matures and progressively becomes more individualistic as he grows. Though reared in a Catholic school, several key events lead Stephen to throw off the yoke of conformity and choose his own life, the life of an artist.
As A Portrait of the Artist progresses, the structure of the relationship between Stephen, women, and art becomes increasingly clear. At one point in the novel, Stephen comes to the conclusion that his art involves "recreat[ing] life out of life" (434) and, at another, that he must "encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and forge in my soul" (Joyce 526). He realizes that to fulfill his destiny as an artist, he must embrace life and the experiences of which it consists, for it is from experience that he builds his creations. In light of this revelation, Stephen's life becomes "a process of accumulating experiences, as well as a struggle to break free of those institutions that would prevent him from doing so" (Peake 64). For Stephen, inspiration requires experience, and it is through women that Stephen gains the latter and, thus, receives the former. Peake
The women which Stephen comes across in his journey in becoming an artist define him and change him by nurturing him, fascinating him, and inspiring him. Stephen was forever changed by his mother, the Virgin Mary, Eileen, the prostitute, and the seaside woman. The object of the artist is to create the object of the beautiful, I argue that it was the beauty in the women of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, which created the artist in the end.
James Augustine Aloysius Joyce, the author of A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man, was once described by a friend, Constantine Curran, as "a man of unparalleled vituperative power, a virtuoso in speech with unique control of the vernacular." While Constantine viewed Joyce's quality of verbal abuse "powerful," and praised his "control" of the language, many viewed this expressive and unrestrained style of writing as inappropriate and offensive. A dramatic new step for modernism, Joyce used language, style, and descriptions of previously unwritten thoughts and situations which stirred the cultural norm, thus sparking controversy over what was necessary and acceptable in literature.
In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephen Dedalus defines beauty and the artist's comprehension of his/her own art. Stephen uses his esthetic theory with theories borrowed from St. Thomas Aquinas and Plato. The discourse can be broken down into three main sections: 1) A definitions of beauty and art. 2) The apprehension and qualifications of beauty. 3) The artist's view of his/her own work. I will explain how the first two sections of his esthetic theory relate to Stephen. Furthermore, I will argue that in the last section, Joyce is speaking of Stephen Dedalus and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man as his art.
The novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is an autobiography of James Joyce who delivers the influential aspects in his life and his artistic development to the reader through the eyes of the fictional character of Stephen Dedalus. In the novel, Stephen's journey to maturation and to become an artist is influenced by his religion, sexuality and education. Yet, Stephen is able to overcome the obstacles result from these aspects and experience his life to its fullest.