Italian Unification Movements

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Italian Unification Movements

Italian unification

l Background

l After Napoleon, the Italian states were controlled by France.

l Effect:

l 1. They experienced the unity under the rule of an efficient

government.

l 2. They felt that they disliked being ruled by foreign countries,

therefore nationalist feeling was aroused.

l After the Congress of Vienna in 1815-16, they were divided into 8

states and the northern part of Italy was controlled by

Austria-Hungary.

l Again, they disliked the alien rule and wanted to be independent.

The nationalist movement began.

l In 1820-30s, the Carbonari was formed in Naples. They carried out a

series of revolutions, but all of them failed because they lacked

organization and mass support. There was also no capable leader.

l In 1831, Mazzini formed the Society of Young Italy (it was more

popular). He believed that the revolutions failed because the people

in the Italian states had no strong nationalism. Therefore he spread

nationalism throughout Italy.

l Mazzini wanted to set up the Republic of Italy to unify Italy into

one country and planned to revolt. He planned to attack Piedmont (the

strongest, independent Italian state) through Switzerland.

l Finally, he failed.

l In 1848, there was Risorgimento movement. Many anti-Austrian

movements were carried out.

l After Metternich fell from power, more Italians supported the

movement.

l However, they all failed because:

n 1. They had different ideas of political system so that the

revolutionaries were divided into 3 groups: federalism (e.g. USA),

republicanism (e.g. France) and constitutional monarchial (e.g.

Britain). This weakened their strength.

n 2. Moreover, when the revolutionaries wanted to support King Charles

Albert of Piedmont (timid and indecisive) to be king, Albert hesitated

and gave the chance to Austria to suppress revolutions.

n 2. Finally, France army of Napoleon III succeeded to suppress the

Republic, which was set up Mazzini. And the revolts in Northern Italy

were suppressed by Austria.

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