Discussion
The results were similar to expected with liquid nitrogen and isopentane showing significantly better quality sections than the cold weight methods. This may be because the tissues rate of freezing was faster when immersed in the extremely cold liquids, compared to the -20degree weight. The surface area of tissue exposed to the cold was also more than that of the other methods.
Liquid nitrogen had the best results which was unexpected, however it should be noted that the quality of both the liquid nitrogen and isopentane sections was very similar. This may be put down to the small sample size of the project. The quality of the section was still poor in comparison to the formalin fixed section, but it ranked the best out of the freezing
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Isopentane is a hydrocarbon which is liquid at room temperature. It is extremely flammable and should be stored in a flammables cabinet. Isopentane does not boil when it comes in contact with tissue because it has a freezing point of −160°C and a boiling point of 28°C. (4) Tissue immersed in isopentane cools faster than those immersed in liquid nitrogen because there is no boiling effect. The actual method employed may have had a detrimental effect on the results. The isopentane was put into a 50ml beaker which only just fit the chuck and the liquid only just covered the surface of the tissue. This may have caused slower freezing of the tissue as the thin layer of isopentane was warmed through the tissue and room temperature. Some studies also suggest that movement while in the isopentane may give better quality results. This may be improved by using a larger beaker of isopentane, or using a smaller piece of tissue. An advantage of the isopentane over liquid nitrogen is that the tissue is frozen at approx. -165 degrees C compared to approx. -200 degrees C for liquid nitrogen. This means that the temperature difference between the cryostat and the tissue is not as great which reduces brittleness and the chance of the tissue
There are numerous risks for a patient during the preoperative stage of the perioperative journey. All patients undergoing a surgical procedure are at risk of developing perioperative hypothermia, although there are various factors which also further increase an individual’s susceptibility (Burger & Fitzpatrick, 2009). An individual’s body type can cause them more susceptible to heat loss during the perioperative period. The patient’s nutritional state and being malnourished, if the individual is female and is of low body weight therefore a high ratio of body surface area to weight and limited insulation to prevent heat loss, these are all factors which negatively affect heat loss and therefore increasing the individual’s risk of perioperative hypothermia (Lynch et al.,
The protocol and conceptual overview of these procedures can be found under the header, “Properties of Skeletal Muscle” in NPB 101L Physiology Lab Manual Second Edition (Bautista & Korber, 2009, 9-17). The test subject for this lab was the Northern Leopard frog whose spinal cord and brain were severed. In order to carry out the experiments, the materials needed were one medium length surgical scissor, two hemostats and glass dissecting probes, a nine and four inch string, a cup of Ringers saline solution with an eyedropper, and a hook electrode. The software used to analyze and record the data was the BIOPAC system.
The theoretical weight was 599.6 mg. This yields a percent yield of 3.7%. Table 1 also illustrates the experimental melting point of 99.3-102.1◦C. A melting point that has a range larger than 3◦C is indicative of impurities in the sample. A few possibilities of impurities could have been unreacted norbornene, and water. Evidence that supports that there was unreacted norbornene in the final sample was the fact that the product was a jelly-like structure. Norbornene by itself has a jelly-like structure. However, once norbornene reacted with the acid-catalyst (H2O2), then it should have changed the chemical structure of the molecule and once the solution was brought back down to room temperature, crystals should have formed. Since a jelly-like, or oil-like product was present at the end of the reaction, then this is indicative that there was unreacted norbornene in the sample. The second impurity that may have been present in the final product was water. Instead of adding 3 mL of sodium bicarbonate and then 3 mL of brine, 3 mL of brine was added first and then 3 mL of sodium bicarbonate was added. This experimental error caused excess aqueous solution to be added to the diethyl ether. Since excess water was added to the final product, about 4x the amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate was needed in order to remove the water from the product. This was another indication that there was too much water in
The first was to see how long it would take to lower body temperature, and the next to decide how best to resuscitate a frozen victim. The doctors submerged a naked victim in an icy vat of water. They would insert an insulated thermometer into the victim’s rectum in order to monitor his or her body temperature. The icy vat proved to be the fastest way to drop the body’s temperature. Once the body reached 25 degrees Celsius, the victim would usually die.
Hypothermia is a common problem in surgical patients. Up to 70% of patients experience some degree of hypothermia that is undergoing anesthetic surgery. Complications include but are not limited to wound infections, myocardial ischemia, and greater oxygen demands. The formal definition of hypothermia is when the patient’s core body temperature drops below 36 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to synthesize what studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the effects of pre-operative warming of patient’s postoperative temperatures. I will discuss consistencies and contradictions in the literature, and offer possible explanations for the inconsistencies. Finally I will provide preliminary conclusions on whether the research provides strong evidence to support a change in practice, or whether further research is needed to adequately address your inquiry.
Moreover, I will let the patient become familiar with any instruments such as a speculum, and demonstrate the tools that will be used to obtain tissue samples that would be used during the examination. Explaining the procedure is also a significant step; this will allow the patient have a sense of control during the examination as we ask and answer questions about their current state, that would help disseminate any concern they may have. Meanwhile, they can learn about what may happen, related to any body sensations or feelings they can experience during the procedure, all while the provider continues to develop rapport and patient’s trust
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction.
In the movie A Beautiful Mind, the description of schizophrenia is shown in many accurate ways. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) states that the symptoms of this disease are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or unorganized or catatonic behavior. People with schizophrenia are also socially withdrawn and awkward when in contact with other people. These traits of the sickness are shown in detail throughout the movie by way of the character John Nash’s struggle with the disease. Nash is a very intelligent professor but believes he is working with the government to foil a Soviet attack plot. Nash eventually goes onto win a Nobel Prize for one of his theories. The movie shows the effects of schizophrenia on not only one man, but also on the friends and family of the ill individual. Treatment is discussed but not to any great length due to him ignoring the doctor’s orders on medication. Overall the movie shows some very prevalent traits of the disease in great detail during certain parts of the film.
Most people appreciate their hair as the most valuable assets especially for women. However, there are so many problems related to this precious thing nowadays such as hair loss (alopecia), dandruffs and premature greying and balding. The researcher’s team headed by Professor Markus Nothen from University of Bonn and Dr. Roland Kruse from Dusseldorf University in 2005 discovered that the main cause of alocepia is hereditary factors which either because of high androgen receptor formed or variant receptor which develops as a result of genetic change. In addition according to Hoffman (2002), “The most common form of alopecia in men is believed to be due excessive activity of androgens on the scalp where the hairs become miniaturized and pigment production is stopped.” Hamilton (1951); Hoffman (2002); Price (2003); Severi et al., (2003) claimed that conversion towards more potent testosterone is due to elevation level of 5-alpha reductase lead to common baldness. For the genetically derived phenomenon, it supposed to be totally about the hereditary cause and the other exogenous factors will be excluded. However, there are also views from proponents saying that some natural food involves in solving these hair—related problems for example emblica officinalis or amla.
Another trend in this table which demonstrates this phenomenon is the decreasing FPV of the CHO cells after cooling and freezing/thawing which shows the increasing membrane fluidity. However, compared to the control cells (at 0 mg) the CLC treated cells still showed considerably less membrane fluidity after being cooled.
A common recreational drug that is illegally dealt is Heroin. To many this drug is known by a few slang/street names, some being; smack, brown stone and junk (Tracy, 2012). Heroin is a highly addictive opiate that caused many different issues regarding physical and mental health. It can be consumed in 3 different ways: snorting, injecting and smoking. The original purpose of heroin is far different then the purpose that it is used for today in society. In 1874, heroin was first produced from morphine and 24 years later began its journey in the field of medicine to help morphine addicted patients (Scott, 1998). After use of the medicine it became present that the drug was just as addictive as morphine and was in turn creating patients to become addicted to the new drug. In 1902, doctors ceased the use of heroin in the medical field and a few years following, 8 years later, the first case of a heroin addict was admitted to a hospital for treatment (Scott, 1998). The drug is no longer used for a medical purposes but is still present in the legal drug selling market. Many countries have stiff penalties if caught in possession of or are selling heroin, because this drug is listed as a Class A drug (“Opium, Morphine, Heroin”, n.d.).
Opium, the first opioid, is derived from the sap of opium poppies, whose growth and cultivation dates back to the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia around 3400 BC. Egyptians and Persians initially used opium. Eventually spreading to various parts of Europe, India, China, and the Middle East. During the 18th century, physicians in the U.S. used opium as a therapeutic agent for multiple purposes, including relieving pain in cancer, spasms from tetanus, and pain attendant to menstruation and childbirth. It was merely towards the end of the 18th century that some physicians came to recognize the addictive quality of opium.
One of the largest concerns within our nation is opioid dependence and the rise in abuse rates of medicinal and illicit opioids. Many illicit and medicinal drugs such as Morphine and Heroin, come from the internal secretions of the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) and are highly available and acclaimed for their analgesic and euphoric effects within the general population (Veilleux et al., 2010). Veilleux et al. (2010) concluded that given these properties of opioids there is a dangerously high potential for abuse. Dependence on these drugs can be linked to a variety of aspects within an individual’s life such as health and social problems, which may include increased chances for legal issues, mortality, unemployment, psychotic episodes, and HIV. For these reasons and many others, Opioid addiction is considered a chronic disease with high potential for relapse and needs to be considered as a public health concern.
The yield of the crude acetanilide was fair (98.45%). This was apparent from the melting point of the sample. The melting point of the crude acetanilide (116-123℃) had a fair comparison to the literature melting points (113-115℃(R1.). The yield of the recrystallized acetanilide was about half of the yield of the crude acetanilide. The recrystallized contained the key functional group. For instance,
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