Ip Address

TOPIC:IP ADDRESS

Cyber Law & Information Security

The address of a computer on the Internet is commonly referred to as the IP Address (Internet Protocol). It's a 32 bit (4 bytes) number normally written as follows:

xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx

Since a byte can represent any number from zero to 255, the least and the maximum IP address possible are:

0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

Understanding IP Addresses

Understanding IP Addressing is necessary, since all applications on the Internet

generate logs, wherein IP Addresses of all interacting computers are recorded. The logs from a basis for investigation by investigating officers. The IP address has two parts - Network number and the Host number. Whereas the Network Number is assigned by an International Body interNIC, the host Number or Host ID is assigned by the Network System's administrator. For convenience we shall address the four bytes as follows

Class A network

These are among the biggest networks in the world. If the numeric value of the first byte is between 1 and 127, it indicates that the IP Address belongs to a A Class network. For such addresses the 1st byte represents the network number 2nd, 3rd and the 4th byte represent the host number. Thus for the IP Address 98.124.103.45 the network number is 98; and the host number is 124.103.45. As is evident there can only be 127 Class A networks, and each of them can support (256x256x256) about 1,67,77,000 terminals.

Class B network

If the numeric value of the first byte is between 128 and 191, it indicates that the IP Address belongs to a B Class network. For such addresses 1st and 2nd byte represents the network number, and the 3rd and the 4th byte represent the host number. Thus for the IP Address 156.124.103...

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...d acknowledgement numbers. The data contained in these fields ensures packet delivery by determining whether or not a packet needs to be resent. The sequence number is the number of the first byte in the current packet, which is relevant to the data stream. The acknowledgement number, in turn, contains the value of the next expected sequence number in the stream. This relationship confirms, on both ends, that the proper packets were received. It's quite different than IP, since transaction state is closely monitored.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The advice ,guidance and material provided by Mr.Shariq Rizvi ,Dr K.N.Agarwal, Ashok Dohare,Dr.T.N.Srivastava is duly acknowledged.

REFERENCES

http://www.linuxjournal.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority