Ion Channel Effects
The drug Prozac, otherwise known as Fluoxetine, has been
believed to cause few side effects in general. Evidence also
indicates that fluoxetine has various additional effects on
several ion channels within the brain. Fluoxetine has
demonstrated exerted effects on a variety of ion channels, the
drug inhibited K+ and Na+ currents in lens and corneal
epithelium, and the inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on ionic
currents (Hahn, 1999). This suggests that since local
concentration of fluoxetine may rise in the small extracellular
space surrounding neurons, fluoxetine could act as an ion
channel inhibitor in the brain. Research done by the Department
of Physiology, College of Medicine, at the Catholic University
of Korea, showed that fluoxetine is a potent inhibitor of
voltage activated K+, Ca2+, and Na+ channels in PC12 cells. The
inhibition of K+ channels by fluoxetine was concentration
dependent but was not voltage dependent (Hahn, 1999). The
inhibitory effects of fluoxetine on K+ currents were not
abolished by inhibitors of protein kinases (H7, staurosporine,
Rp cAMPS), indicating that protein kinases and G proteins were
not involved in the inhibition of K+ currents by fluoxetine
(Hahn, 1999). The study concluded that the overall effects of
fluoxetine on neurons will be determined by the expression
pattern of individual ion channels in different neurons, and
this phenomenon may have pharmacological implications (Hahn,
1999).
Norfluoxetine is the most important active metabolite of
the antidepressant compound, flouxetine. In a study done by the
University Medical School of Debrecen, the effects of fluoxetine
and its major metabolite, norfluoxet...
... middle of paper ...
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There are also explanations dealing with clozapine's interaction with the serotonin 5HT2 receptors and the glutamate receptors. ... ... middle of paper ... ... hin a week levels will increase with treatment of colazopine.(Naheed & Green, 2000) Andreasen, N.C. (1994).
The periodic table contains many different kinds of elements which are placed accordingly on the table. Potassium is in the alkali metals which is placed in group 1 of the table, alkali metals are among the most active metals. This element was found in 1801 by a man named Humphry Davy. Although the element does not have many uses in pure form as a compound it has many important purposes. Potassium is naturally in the human body if levels become too low or too high then it could cause problems for the individual. Low levels of potassium could cause muscle problems such as cramping and the muscle feeling weak, the person could have a hard time walking or holding onto objects. A serious concern would be the effects on the heart as it causes blood pressure to increase and abnormal heart rhythms.
Electric guitars are devices that generate sound from a set of pickups that convert string vibration into electrical signals for amplification. The sound starts out as vibrations the musician creates while playing. These vibrations are picked up by the pickups of the guitar. What are pickups? Pickups are permanent magnets wrapped around in a coil. Since the strings are made with a special material called ferromagnetic, they interact with the magnetic fields in the pickups and force electrons to move in the loop. Moving electrons can generate a signal that can be read by the amplifier.
NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health). (2008). Nimh - mental health medications. Retrieved from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/mental-health-medications/complete-index.shtml
Rotting vegetation and erupting volcanoes release some chemicals that can cause acid rain, but most acid rain falls because of human activities. When humans burn fossil fuels, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are released into the atmosphere. If large amounts of NO2 and SO2 are present in the atmosphere than the pH of rainwater will be significantly lowered. Nitric acid (HN03) can be linked to around 1/4 of the acid rain in the environment. Large amounts of NO gas is produced by high-temperature air combustion that takes place in car engines and power plants....
When there is a lage amount of acid rain that falls in an area over a period of time, it can hurt the environment for all of the creatures living there. Acid rain can make a lake acidic which will most likely kill off a majority of the animals living in that lake.(McCormick 16) This happens all over the world. Michael Hopkin a reporter, and the author of “Acid rain still hurting Canada” states that, “Lakes and waterways in North America are struggling to recover from the effects of acid rain, despite reduced emissions of the pollutants that cause it. Without further cuts, it could be millennia before the worst-affected sites recover, say environmentalists.” It can also kill the animals that depend on the lake for food. When a food source that animals in an area dependon to survive gets diminished or even eliminated altogether. The animals that depended on it will either die off which will cause an even bigger problem for that area 's ecosystem, or they will need to find a new food source.If the new food that the animal found is already a food source for another animal then that causes competition for food, this may reduce the numbers of one or maybe even both animals. This all can come about because of acid rain and what it can do to the environment. On the EPA student site they have an article that shows how acid rain can affect an ecosystem 's food web. “This process continues up the entire food web. So,
Radiation is the emission of electromagnetic energy that is given off in the form of high speed particles that cause ionization. During ionization radiation hits and knocks electrons from an atom creating charged ions. Due to the electron being stripped away from the atom this break the chemical bond. Living tissue within the human body is damaged and attempts to repair it but sometimes the damage is beyond repair.
The novel “Push” by Sapphire, is a very detailed and rather unpleasant novel taking about many taboo subjects. It revolves around the life of Claireece Precious Jones; a 16-year-old, a mother, “dumb”, and abused girl. Throughout her life, she was abused sexually, physically, and mentally by both her mother and father. Her life has been a struggle to deal with her own life. For the matter of comparing the novel "Push" with the guide "How to Read Literature Like A Professor", I believe that the entirety of "Push" fits in the first chapter of "How to Read Literature Like A Professor", called Every Trip Is a Quest(Except When it's not.) The amazing thing about this chapter makes me realize that her life has been a quest. In the following paragraphs,
Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that studies the relationship between electricity and magnetism. Electromagnets are magnets that uses an electric current to attract metal. Electromagnets have many parts that make up them and are used in many things.
This paper shows that acid rain is a reality. It is destroying our freshwater ecosystems and must be stopped in order to save them. If the problem is not fixed soon the aquatic ecosystems will be destroyed.
Sodium was first discovered and isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. Sodium is located in column 1 of the periodic table where all other alkali earth metals, which all of them have only 1 electron which it would happily give to another element that wants it so that it could be “happy” this then creates a positively charge atom also known as a cation. You could also find sodium by knowing its electron configuration which is [Ne] 3s1. Sodium physical properties are that it is silver in color and is a soft metal, so soft that in its pure form it could be cut with a knife. Sodium is a solid at room temperature, but it reaches its boiling point at around 208̊ Fahrenheit. To get sodium to boil you would have to get it to a temperature of around
Michael Faraday was the man behind the discovery of electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction is the creation of an electric current by using a magnetic field. Faraday’s first experiment was set up by coiling to separate lengths of copper wire around a wooden block. The two coils had to be separated he did this with thread. One of the coils was connected to a galvanometer (an instrument used to detect small electrical currents), while the second coil was connected to a battery and switch. As Faraday closed the switch there was a small and brief change in the reading on the galvanometer. What this meant was that Faraday had seen a little and concise current that passed through the galvanometer circuit. Faraday observed the same affect in the galvanometer circuit when the battery circuit was turned off, except the change was in the opposite direction or negative of the first reading of the galvanometer.
The definition of Electromotive force is the electric potential generated by an electrochemical cell or a changing magnetic field. Electromotive force is also known by the acronym emf, EMF, a cursive letter E or the SI unit that is used for electromotive force, volts. (http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/g/Electromotive-Force-Definition.htm)
Acid rain is becoming an increasing dilemma due to pollution made from erupting volcanoes, rotting vegetation, and most importantly, the burning of fossil fuels. It has been linked to the corruption of lakes and streams, a decrease in fish and wildlife populations, and human health risks. Not only does it endanger aquatic fish and wildlife but acid rain is also known for the destruction of man-made structures. This phenomenon is becoming a growing concern as the consequences of human pollution are being observed through it. Although the results of acid rain cannot be negated, there are precautions that can be taken in order to prevent further destruction of the environment.
Acid rain contaminates and poisons many areas. Even though most environments are affected by acid rain, some places can handle certain amounts of acid rain. Some bases/soils have a greater pH than 7, so when acid rain combines with the soil, it tensions out the acidity. Some areas, however that include Rocky Mountains as well as the Northeastern and Southeastern U.S, limestone is not naturally available. Due to that, acid rain is much more harmful to the environment. Many animals like fish and frogs have a difficult time adapting to their environments and a hard time reproducing in areas contaminated with acid rain. Not just animals are affected, but trees are also hurt. One type of tree that can be affected by acid rain and acid fog is the Evergreen tree ("Acid Rain: Do you