Sodium chloride has high melting and boiling points and is soluble in water due to the ionic bonding. Ionic bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions in a giant ionic lattice(1). The ions are arranged in to a three-dimensional ionic lattice of positive and negative ions, meaning sodium chloride can conduct electricity when molten or in a solution as the ions are free to move. Ionic compounds are hard because the ions are strongly attracted to each other, however, when pressure is applied the ions of like charge me be forced closer to each other, and the electrostatic repulsion may be enough to split the compound, making them brittle(3). This is similar to magnesium which is held together by metallic bonding. Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between …show more content…
All polar covalent bonds have a permanent dipole, which is a small charge difference across a bond that results from a difference in the electronegativity’s of the bonded atom.
Iodine monochloride is a diatomic molecule. Due to the difference in the electronegativity’s of Iodine and Chlorine, Iodine monochloride contains polar covalent bonds. Since the molecule is a dipole it displays permanent dipole to permanent dipole interactions. This is the attraction between the permanently negative end of one molecule and the permanently positive end of the other(9). Chlorine has a lower boiling point than Iodine monochloride because Chlorine only contains Van Der Waals forces, which are weaker than permanent dipole to permanent dipole interactions so need less energy to break. Iodine is similar to chlorine in only having Van Der Waals forces holding the molecules together but Iodine exists as a solid at room temperature because it has a greater mass than Chlorine. The greater the mass meaning the more electrons there are, creating a larger dipole difference and inducing a stronger attraction between
Then, an amount of KI (solid) about a size that would fit on a match head was dissolved in 0.05 of Potassium Iodate solution and about 1 mL of water and 1 mL of 1 M HCl were added, which exhibited a weak positive test for IO_3^- (aq). After the weak positive test, an amount of KI (solid) about a size that would fit on a match head was dissolved in about 1 mL of water and 1 mL of 1 M HCl, which exhibited a negative
Aspirin is 3.3 g/L soluble in water (3). Aspirin can be soluble in ethanol, DMSO, or water (2). Aspirin has polar groups that when put with polar water molecules can form hydrogen bonds. Aspirin is an asymmetrical molecule. When drawing the Lewis Dot Structure, a person can see that the bonds are polar. There are also dipole moments making the molecule polar. Dipole molecules are composed of a higher electronegative atom pulling electrons towards it (11). It is more soluble in basic solutions than water and acidic solutions (4). The Lewis Structure also reveals that there are many double bonds between the carbons and two double bonds between oxygen and carbon.
Hydrochloric acid is polar substance and has a linear shape with an electronegativity difference of 0.9; it has weak dipole-dipole forces/bonds between its molecules (intermolecular forces) and polar covalent forces/bonds between the chloride and hydrogen ions (Intramolecular forces). (5) HCl has a molar mass of 36.4609 g.mol-1. HCl is fully miscible in water as it forms hydrogen bonds with the water. Hydrochloric acid has a melting point of 247K and a boiling point of 321K if in a 38% solution. 17
The Iodine Clock Investigation Introduction This is an investigation into the rate of a reaction and the factors that contribute to how fast a reaction will take place. Through the recording and analysis of raw data, this investigation also allows us to apply generally accepted scientific rules and to test them against results gained from accurate experimental procedures. Aim The aim of this experiment is to investigate the rate at which iodine is formed when the concentration and temperature of the reactants are varied, and to attempt to find the order and activation energy. The Chemistry 'THE IODINE CLOCK' - This is the experiment that will be used to investigate reaction rates, and it is a reaction between acidified hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide: 2H+(aq)
Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but they have far less oxygen than carbohydrates. They have high melting points. (Human Biology) The saturated acids have a higher melting point than unsaturated acids. Lipids can be extracted from plants and animals using solvents such as ether, chloroform and acetone. (Chemistry: Principals and Properties)
Calcium Chloride is an inorganic salt, (doesn’t contain carbon-hydrogen bonds) which exists in a solid form or as a liquid solution. The solid form of calcium chloride is an odorless white, crystalline substance in the form of flake, granule or powder that has a slight salty taste. Calcium chloride in the form of a liquid is colourless.
Water is essential in our everyday life. Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals utilize water to survive. Therefore it is vital that there be clean water for our communities to utilize to survive as a whole. Unfortunately because of different determinants our source of water are not always safe to use. We happen to have to deal with contamination of drinking water. Contamination of fresh water used for household needs, including pollution of oceans, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. There are categories of the different contaminants that exist such as Physical contaminants, Chemical contaminants, Biological contaminants, and radiological contaminants ("Types of Drinking Water Contaminants | Drinking Water
L-Acetylcarnitine, also named as ALCAR, an acetylated form of L-carnitine, fosters the uptake of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) into mitochondria during fatty acid oxidation, raises the production of acetylcholine, and triggers the synthesis of membrane phospholipid and protein. ALCAR has been explored for use as an acetylcholine mimic as well as in targeting cardiovascular pathologies. Acetyl CoA, as the primary substrate for the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, must be re-charged with an acetyl-group in order for the Krebs cycle to maintain working when it is de-acetylated.
The charge transfer complex was studied from the reaction of iodine with mesitylene in pentane. From the relationship between concentration of iodine over its absorbance and concentration of mesitylene, the equilibrium constant was determined to be 0.4183, and the molar absorptivity to be 1.3780*104 M-1cm-1. Besides, the energy of photon needed to get excited was 369.52 kJ/mol, and the binding energy (W) of the excited state of charge transfer complex was 145.82 kJ/mol which was much larger than expected of only 9 kJ/mol for iodine and
Metals form giant structures in which electrons can move freely in the outer shell. The metallic bonding is the power of attraction between these free electrons and metal ions. Sodium is an extremely malleable metal with a silver colour which can be cut with a knife at room temperature. The boiling and melting points are considerably high at 883C for boiling and 97.72C for the melting point. Sodium is also a very good conductor of electricity. Sodium is a metal therefore it doesn’t form covalent bonds, only non-metals can for covalent. The “sea of electrons” is electrons that can move without restrictions within the molecular orbitals, so each electron detaches from its “parent” atom. The atoms are most ...
• The use of a catalyst will speed up the reaction as long as the catalysts electrode potentials are feasible for each step in the reaction. Since a catalyst lowers the activation energy and takes the reaction through a different route, according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann diagram, at a constant temperature more particles are able to react as demonstrated by the diagrams below:
Chemicals can absorb or release energy in the form of heat. Sodium nitrate and hydrated sodium acetate are compounds that absorb heat during dissolution which aids in the creation of cold packs. Cold packs are pouches that contain a dry chemical plus a separate inner pouch of water. When the seal between the chemical and the water is broken they mix together to cause an endothermic reaction. The heat energy gained to break apart the solute and solvent molecules is greater than the release of heat when the solute and solvent molecules bond together. Therefore, when the reaction is complete there is a greater loss of heat by the solution. Sodium nitrate or hydrated sodium acetate when dissolved in water lowers temperature which results in a cold
5. Based on this, which compound is more stable as an ionic solid and which compound is more stable as an ionic solution? Which would you assume has a higher enthalpy in its pure solid form?
No, not all ionic compounds fit that description, however the solubility of most ionic compounds increase along with the temperature. When a substance dissolves, it goes from a solid to a liquid, which is an endothermic reaction. When heat is added and the temperature become higher, the extra heat favors the endothermic reaction causing more solid to dissolve rather than crystallize.