Investigating Why Developers Prefer to Built on Greenfield Sites Rather than Brownfield Sites
Many businesses and industries prefer developing green fields to avoid
the complications involved with Brownfield’s, specifically with
development in urban areas. Extensive development of green fields
particularly combined with underdevelopment of Brownfield’s and other
infill properties can intensify problems of urban sprawl.
Developers prefer Greenfield sites, despite the huge rise in land
values, because they are straightforward and produce better returns at
lower risk. In high-demand areas, such as the east of England around
Cambridge, land costs more than £2m an acre.
The trouble is, the biggest house builders still prefer to build on
Greenfield sites, because Brownfield sites are much more expensive to
develop. They are often contaminated, or owned by several parties.
With Brownfield sites it is likely to pay extra as VAT charged at
17.5% on refurbishment or redeveloping existing buildings whilst
Greenfield house building is exempt.
What changes occur in an area as it undergoes the process of
gentrification?
It occurs in several important stages everywhere:
1. A 'pioneer group' moves in first. These people are low income
professionals and they move into an area for cheap house prices.
As in London docklands, house renovation was also needed which
these people could afford. They tend to be young and although they
have no children, want to be near the city centre for improved
access to their jobs.
2. This group will start to improve the environmental and building
quality because they want to live in an attractive area. Group
specific services started to flourish in docklands (e.g. wine
bars, delicatessens) because there was a threshold population for
business to be profitable in a once ailing and depopulating area.
3. The area subsequently becomes fashionable and now attracts the
higher socio-economic groups and the high income bracket
According to statistics canada Toronto in 2001, around 70% of the buildings in the area are high rise rental apartments but during the industrial era (1940’s ) most were private homes. Immigrants from countries such as the Philippines , Vietnam , Tamil, Chinese , Tibetan , Caribbeans and Hungarian have occupied parkdale since the 1980’s to present leading to the construction of these apartments with high storeys as seen in the census done in 2001. With high number of immigrants in the area increasing,Parkdale area soon developed a bad reputation as a neighbourhood of poverty, crime , drugs and homelessness These reputations led to segregation of neighbourhoods where the rich separated themselves, this happened on the basis of both of income and ethnicity.These is currently mainly occupied by minorities.Looking at the statistics in 2001 the top ten ethnicity living in this area were all immigrants with 20% arriving in Canada between 1980-1991 and other 25% arriving by 1991-2000 according to Ontario immigration data. 51% of these immigrants were born outside canada. Since it cost more to live in nicer neighbourhoods most immigrants end up in areas like parkdale where rent is cheap and other
The following case study critiques Upton’s vision to establish a sustainable community through implementing comprehensive sustainable strategy. The urban periphery development is thought to demonstrate superior execution of sustainable principles in development (Jackson 2007). As a parallel, the report focuses on the development of Upton’s design code and demonstrates how large -scale mix-use developments can incorporate sustainable practice and principles of urban growth.
the fact that they have enough money to live in gated communities, they stay and
Although restricting new constructions might seem relevant, it imposes costs to the society at large. Stopping housing constructions in attractive areas increase the housing prices. The federal housing policy decreases the home mortgage interest rate, which encourages people to own houses in the suburbs. This results in higher carbon emissions. However, this could be lower through carbon tax. Human face-to-face interaction is critical. New technological advancements increase productivity. Overall, the sustaining gift of the cities reflects the social nature of humanity (p.
Gentrification is the keystone for the progression of the basic standards of living in urban environments. A prerequisite for the advancement of urban areas is an improvement of housing, dining, and general social services. One of the most revered and illustrious examples of gentrification in an urban setting is New York City. New York City’s gentrification projects are seen as a model for gentrification for not only America, but also the rest of the world. Gentrification in an urban setting is much more complex and has deeper ramifications than seen at face value. With changes in housing, modifications to the quality of life in the surrounding area must be considered as well. Constant lifestyle changes in a community can push out life-time
Offshore Drilling is one of the main ways that that us as Americans get our oil. I believe that there are many different ways that we could get our oil. I feel that offshore drilling is cruel and destructive to such things as animals, coral reefs, people that have fishing charter boats. I truly love the ocean and everything that it has to offer, but if an offshore drilling rig happens to get a leak it would affect everything in the ocean, birds, and even people that make their living off of the ocean. If offshore drilling hurts so many things and the environment why do we still do it?
My opinion on creating a copper mine in Minnesota is, it isn’t a good idea. It isn’t a good idea because: It is bad for the environment, disrupts residents, and it affects the future.
“gentrification as an ugly product of greed”. Yet these perspectives miss the point. Gentrification is a byproduct of mankind's continuing interest in advancing the notion that one group is more superior to another and worthy of capitalistic consumption with little regard to social consciousness. It is elitism with the utmost and exclusionary politics to the core. This has been a constant theme of mankind taking or depleting space for personal gain.
Location, location, location -- it’s the old realtor 's mantra for what the most important feature is when looking at a potential house. If the house is in a bad neighborhood, it may not be suitable for the buyers. In searching for a house, many people will look at how safe the surrounding area is. If it’s not safe, they will tend stray away. Jane Jacobs understood the importance of this and knew how cities could maintain this safety, but warned of what would become of them if they did not diverge from the current city styles. More modern planners, such as Joel Kotkin argue that Jacobs’s lesson is no longer applicable to modern cities because they have different functions than those of the past. This argument is valid in the sense that city
Building Verses Buying Software applications are powerful tools in the battle to make businesses more efficient and effective. Many have tried to make do with commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS), only to find that their specific needs demanded professionally developed software. Others insist on reinventing the wheel by developing software in areas where vendors are offering an already mature, reliable and relatively cheap version to buy. There are some significant advantages to building-it-yourself software and systems.
Kennedy A. (2014) Castle Vale Housing Action Trust: Lessons in Regenerating Communities Lecture, University of Birmingham.
In building construction and in fire prevention there are organizations that have created a useful system on how to determine what type of building falls under which category. The ICC (International Code Council) and the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) create these building codes for the safety of firefighters. The two most commonly known standards for building classifications are the NFPA 5000 and also the International Building Code (IBC). The two are very similar, however, they different on sub-categorizing. The International Building Code uses Roman numerals behind the type of construction. In addition to subcategories with letters for each five classes and the amount of fire resistance provided for each building. NFPA uses Roman numerals behind the type of construction. Unlike the IBC, NFPA uses a 3-digit number system behind that to sub categorize the fire hourly rating for the load-bearing walls, for the beams and columns, and for the floor construction. The IBC and NFPA breaks down construction in to five classes, Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, and Type V.
Engineering careers create millions of jobs, all specific to the minds of mathematic and scientific individuals. From the beginning of humankind, engineering has been prevalent in society. Every day, engineering exposes the world to revolutionary structural, biological, and chemical advancements. Some of these innovations change how the world functions. For instance, the creation of suspension bridges gave way to fluent travel, and the design of compact batteries allowed for advancements in technology. Engineering has a diverse history, rigorous education requirements, and genuine real world applications. Two notable forms of engineering are civil engineering and chemical engineering.
The physical- financial entity is a balance of two different components working towards the same common goal. Each one has their areas of focus and attributes to contribute to the project. If one has more influence than the other, an imbalance could occur and result in problems with the development and its success. The physical side must work with the architects, engineers, and construction team to create the schematic design and budget possibilities for the project in the predevelopment stage. This will include alternatives and rough preliminary designs. When the development moves over to the document development stage, they become responsible for the construction documents, budgeting, and schedules for the actual construction of the project. The financial side of the development involves the business side of the project. This is where the market and marketability studies will be conducted and various feasibility and investment analysis reports will be submitted. The financial entity of the development will continue to work through the predevelopment and document development stages to put forth the best suited analysis for the market, feasibility, and marketability studies.
Risk management is a process used in all industries to reduce the risk. The Risk management tool usage changes from sector to sector and hence each sector has developed their own risk management tools and methodologies to mitigate the risk. But the concept remains the same behind all the tools (Ropel, 2011). The main steps for risk management irrespective of the sector are: