INTRODUCTION
The theme of the present paper is “The Translation of the –Ing Forms in legal documents from English to Romanian”. We will focus particularly on the - ing forms and their translation in Romanian. The research is based on a parallel corpus of legal documents excerpted from the EURLEX portal for European legislation. We motivate our choice of compiling a corpus of legal documents in that their translation is valid and has an official character.
The reasons for writing this paper are the following: firstly, the - ing constructions have raised many questions to linguists and grammarians because of its misleading character –it can be wither a Gerund, a Verbal Noun or Participle – therefore, we would like to have a case-study of these forms. Secondly, the delimitation between the above mentioned forms is not always clear-cut and some grammarians argue that the terminology of the –ing form is also misleading. Consequently, the author wants to define and delimit the –ing forms and to provide arguments for the particular choices of their translation in Romanian.
Previous studies have discussed the ing form based on a literature, spoken or written corpus of English Language. From the previous studies we would like to mention the following:
• Alboiu, Gabriela and Hill, Virgina , 2014, Gerunds in Early Modern Romania.
• Seiss Melanie, 2008, THE ENGLISH –ING FORM
My aim for this paper is to look into the use of the –ing forms which render in the legal documents. The main focus is to analyze the –ing construction and their translation in Romanian, focusing particularly on the English Gerund and the Romanian gerunziu emphasizing that there are differences between them.
Briefly, the objectives of this paper are:
- study of the –...
... middle of paper ...
...m OE until ME, furthermore, we will focus on the English ing forms.
The second chapter give an insight of the main approaches to –ing, describing the English Gerund and the Romanian gerunziu, analyzing the similarities and differences between the two forms, moreover, we will provide views of contemporary academic grammars with respect to the –ing form in order to gain an objective picture of the delimitation this phenomenon. Participles, verbal nouns, other –ing forms and their translation will also be of interest in this chapter.
The third chapter describes the methodology and the data analysis which is a collection of different types of legal documents and their translation. In this chapter we will also focus on the practical part where we will analyze the individual syntactic function of the –ing forms and their translation solution typical of each function.
to English « Department of English, College of LAS, University of Illinois. Web. 25 Apr.
Next, I will talk about types of phrase and how can you discriminate them. The types of phrase have been discriminated into 2 main types, the old type that discriminate the structure, and the new type which discriminate the word type. I will start with the old type which I use to learn from high-school. This type is harder than the new one and can make many students confusing. According to Simmons (1997) to identify types of phrase, we need to know the types of phrase and its grammatical rule and structure clearly. There are 5 types of phrase including Gerund Phrase that will begin with –ing word and always function as noun. They can wo...
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While this adaption is always accompanied with a feature called “nativization”, in which English has changed due to the new sociocultural settings and its interaction with other languages. He examines the standard style of the non-native variety and the established style of the non-native variety. And these styles have been nativized to different degrees in non-native varieties. While Labov regarded the non-standard English as an integral part of the sociolinguistic structure of the English language rather than an isolated part. He analyzed the linguistic features on the nature of the language itself. He urged teachers to study and understand the dialects of English for better teaching children who cannot say “standard
We will use the theories of language planning, to compare with what the Norwegian government did when they introduced and legislated about Nynorsk and Bokmål. This will help shed a light to, why Norway has ended up with two written languages, and why the use of Nynorsk has drastic declined. When looking at Nynorsk, Bokmål and the language conflict all together, we will of course take to account that language planning, is a modern linguistic tool and that they at the ti...
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The field of Computational Linguistics is relatively new; however, it contains several sub-areas reflecting practical applications in the field. Machine (or Automatic) Translation (MT) is one of the main components of Computational Linguistics (CL). It can be considered as an independent subject because people who work in this domain are not necessarily experts in the other domains of CL. However, what connects them is the fact that all of these subjects use computers as a tool to deal with human language. Therefore, some people call it Natural Language Processing (NLP). This paper tries to highlight MT as an essential sub-area of CL. The types and approaches of MT will be considered, and limitations discussed.
First part that relates to the information retrieval with the life span of person is the challenges part or the tension part between the simple statistical method and sophisticated information analysis. At this part, the translation problem is being highlighted. This is a common problem in cross-lingual information system (Bounsaythip, Lehtola & Tenni) where when using a query expressed in the second language, the most relevant documents in the translated subset are extracted (usually using a cosine measure of proximity). These relevant documents are in turn used to extract close untranslated documents in the subspace of the first language. (Fluhr, 1996). The ideas of translating language is also being highlighted in this article when the author’s code the Warren Weaver memo in 1949. Weaver used to study on machine translation while...
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The theoretical structure is developed from the study of signs and their related processes and applications in communication. According to Friedman and Thellefsen (2011), the theory is closely related to the linguistic model of analyzing the structure of a particular language. The model helps to determi...